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Konter Sociology Correlation v. Causal relationships: What are scientists looking for? Psychology is the study of human behavior, but studying human behavior can be tricky. Ideally, scientists discover a causal relationship between variables, but often times, they can only identify a correlation. First, the terms: Causal Relationship (AKA Cause and effect relationship): When one variable causes a change in the second variable; When a cause-and-effect relationship occurs, the researcher can make predictions Correlation: means that two or more variables are related. Positive Correlation: A relationship between variables that exists when the value of one variable increases along with the value of another value (both variables increase) Negative correlation: A relationship between variables that exists when the value of one variable increases while the value of another variable decreases Strong correlation: a strong relationship Weak correlation: a weak relationship Spurious Relationship: A relationship appears to exist between two variables, but that relationship disappears when another variable is considered. Now, the application. Part 1. Identify whether a causal or corollary relationship is being described in each scenario. Explain your identification (What makes causal? What makes it a corollary?). IF you believe that the scenario is a correlation, then identify one variable that can make the relationship spurious. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Cigarette smoking leads to lung cancer. Attending better quality schools ensures a higher income. There is a relationship between viewing violence on television and violent behavioral patterns. People that earn more money have more happiness in life. People who have strong social ties with others are less likely to attempt suicide during their lifetime. Greater population density leads to mental problems Women work to help increase family income. Juvenile delinquency is more common amongst young people who live in crowded living conditions. People who complete a degree in higher education earn higher wages later in life. As a person gains weight, their health tends to decline. Part 2. Identify whether the scenarios below are describing a positive or negative correlation. Explain why it is positive or negative and identify one change that would reverse the relationship. Konter Sociology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Students with high grade point averages in high school will have high grade point averages in college. Students who are often absent from school will have lower grades. SAT scores and college achievement—among college students, those with higher SAT scores also have higher grades Happiness and helpfulness—as people’s happiness level increases, so does their helpfulness (conversely, as people’s happiness level decreases, so does their helpfulness) Crying and being held—among babies, those who are held more tend to cry less (or phrased as babies who are held less tend to cry more) People who have strong social ties with others are less likely to attempt suicide during their lifetime.