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History 12 Post WW2-Immediate Shifts of Power 1. 2 New “SUPERPOWERS” Emerge U.S.A.: VS. U.S.S.R. (The Best of the West ) (The Beast from the East) both were crucial in defeating Axis in Europe and Pacific both have growing “Spheres of influence” both have VETO on U.N. Security Council both engage in a “Cold War” that will dominate World Politics from 1945-1991 2. 2 Old Superpowers Diminish Great(?) Britain & France both still given permanent seat on U.N. Security Council second World War in 20 years leaves both economies “shaken not stirred” WW2 leads to rapid decline of Empires: Britain leaves most places peacefully; France goes down fighting France has to deal with war-time COLLABORATORS (eg some leaders were tried and executed) 3. What happened to the defeated Axis Powers? a) Italy Replaced Mussolini in July 1943, he later fled Rome 1st Axis to surrender; Rome falls June 1944 Mussolini executed by angry Italians Post-War Government: Parliamentary Democracy! (with a President not a King) b) Germany After surrender in May 1945: 4 Occupied zones created, later theses become 2 countries: West Germany (Democratic) and East Germany (Communist) not re-unified until 1989 “Denazification” begins War Crimes Tribunal (177 indicted; Himmler, Goering, Goebbels all commit suicide; 11 other top Nazis executed, only 3 aquitted c) Japan Surrendered after 2nd Bomb, August 14 Occupied and assisted by USA (Gen. Macarthur) until 1952 Showa Constitution= Parliamentary Democracy with Emperor Hirohito as Figurehead Military all but eliminated Other interesting facts! Only Eastern European Country to liberate themselves from Germany WITHOUT HELP from Allies: Yugoslavia. As a result their Resistance leader: Tito, (Joseph Broz) given control and he installs a Communist government Another famous “Resistance” leader to lead his country: Charles de Gaulle of France. The European country which had a civil war following WW2 that “set the stage for the Cold War”: Greece The only 3 leaders to “survive” the entire war as leaders: 1.) Mackenzie King of Canada 2.) Joseph Stalin of USSR 3) Emperor Hirohito of Japan (*reduced to figurehead) 2 former British colonies to become “ newly” created countries Post WW2: 1)1947 a) India and b Pakistan Results in “largest” migration in History and Massive violence between Hindus and Muslims. 2.) 1948: State of Israel invaded by new “neighbours” (Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Iraq) the next day millions of Palestinian Arabs become refugees 1945-1949 Chinese Civil War resumes Mao Tse Tung and Communists WIN! Declare People’s Republic of China. *Chiang Kai Shek lives in exile in Taiwan_; he is recognized by UN as official leader until 1971.