Download Social Studies.Chapter 16.The Civil War Begins 16

Social Studies.Chapter
16.The
Civil War Begins
16-1 The War Erupts
I. First Shots at Fort Sumter
A. Lincoln had to resupply the fort; could provoke war
1. Lincoln resupplied and notified Confederate leaders
a. they attacked the fort before supplies arrived
b. 34 hours of shelling; 0 deaths; Anderson surrendered
B. Lincoln Calls Out the Militia
1. Lincoln asks Union states for 75,000 militiamen for 90 days
a. VA, NC, TN, AR joined SC
II. Preparing for Battle
A. VA was populous and rich; Robert E. Lee’s home
1. Lee resigned from US army when VA seceded
B. Choosing Sides
1. Border states all stayed; Slave states (DE, MD, KY and MO)
2. Later, western counties of VA would break away and form WV
a. supported the Union
b. 24 Union; 11 Confederate (in the end)
C. South Strategies
1. South hoped for a long war (less support)
2. Hoped demand for cotton would bring support from FR and GB
3. Adopted mix of offensive and defensive strategies; invading the
north several times
D. North Strategies
1. North wanted to invade and conquer the South
2. Adopted the Anaconda Plan (General Winfield Scott):
a. naval blockade of South’s coastline
b. take control of Mississippi
i. divide Confederacy in two
c. capture Richmond, VA (Confederate capital)
III. First Battle of Bull Run
A. Many wanted to take Richmond immediately; 1st had to defeat troops
stationed at Manassas, VA (near Washington, D. C.)
B. Intense Fighting
1. July 16, 1961, Gen. McDowell marched to Manassas, VA
a. joined by 100’s of spectators
b. soldiers and spectators were unprepared for battle
2. First Battle of Bull Run (named for a creek)
a. Union forces attack; drove back Beauregard
b. regiment led Thomas J. Jackson stopped Union advance
i. ‘Jackson was standing like a stone wall’
ii. “Stonewall” Jackson was born
d. Confederates launch counterattack while screaming
(Rebel Yell)
e. Union troops and spectators ran for their lives
f. Confederate victory thrilled south; shocked North
i. 2,700 Union; 2,000 Confederate casualties
3. Lessons of Bull Run:
a. Fighting would be bloody
b. War would not be over quickly
c. Southern soldiers would fight fiercely to defend CSA
4. Lincoln realized militia was no match for South
a. Called real army of 500,000
b. Appoints George McClellan to head Union army in east
16-2 Life in the Army
I. Civilians Become Soldiers
A. Joining Up (aged 11-83)
1. Volunteers rushed to enlist on both sides
a. German and Irish immigrants made up the largest groups
b. Af-Am ppl wanted to fight, but not allowed by either side
i. as the war dragged on, North accepted
2. About 2M on the N; 1M on the S
a. joined for loyalty, glory, excitement, money
B. Turning Civilians Into Soldiers
1. After enlisting, training was received
a. winters spent in log huts; heavy tents
2. Union troops = blue uniforms; Confederate troops = gray
a. quality was poor; Confederacy had trouble providing
b. resupply from the dead
3. Food became scarce as the war dragged on
II. A New Kind of War
A. Advances in technology lead to high casualties; poor medical tech
led to high infection rates and death
1. Unhealthy conditions
a. camps smelled from garbage ad latrines
b. weeks w/o bathing; washing clothes
c. infested with lice and fleas
d. resulted in widespread sickness
e. more soldiers died from disease than on the battlefield
B. Civil War Prison Camps
1. Prisoners of War had it tough
a. Elmira, NY, 24% died of disease and exposure
b. Andersonville, GA, 13,000 died (starvation, disease, exp.)
III. Changes in Military Technology
A. Increased casualties and changed strategies
1. Rifle and minie ball
a. rifle has grooved barrel that spins bullet through the air
b. minie ball had hollow base
i. bullet expands when fired to fit the grooves
ii. farther and more accurate than muskets
iii. charges didn’t work as well; defenders too accurate
2. Ironclads (warships covered with iron)
a. Faster and far better protected
b. Union - the Monitor; Confederate – the Merrimac
i. battle ended in a draw
16-3 No End in Sight
I. Union victories in the West
A. McClellan commands; trains well; reluctant to attack Richmond
1. Lincoln said he had “the slows”
B. Grant Opens up the South
1. Ulysses S. Grant wins victories in the west
a. bold move to take TN; using ironclads took 2 river fronts
i. Fort Henry (on TN river); Fort Donelson (on
Cumberland river)
ii. Fort Henry opened highway into heart of South
c. a week later Union troops marched into Nashville
B. The Battle of Shiloh
1. Confederate Albert S. Johnston, ordered retreat to Corinth, MS
a. Grant followed; waited at Pittsburg landing on the TN ri
b. Waited for more troops from Nashville
c. Johnston attacked before reinforcements arrived
d. Surprised Union near Shiloh Church (TN)
e. Johnston killed (replaced by Beauregard)
f. William Tecumseh Sherman had 3 horses shot under him
g. During the nigh Union reinforcements arrived
h. Grant attacks at dawn; Confederates retreat
i. Union – 13,000; Confederates – 11,000 casualties
C. The Fall of New Orleans
1. April 25, David Farragut led union troops to capture N.O.
a. Union took largest Confederate city
D. Southern Success in the East
1. Lee’s Victories
a. Sent Jeb Stuart to spy on McClellan near Richmond
b. Reported back; Lee attacked
c. Seven Days’ Battle
i. Union – 15,849; Confederates – 20,000
ii. McClellan forced to retreat; failed to capture
Richmond
d. Second Battle of Bull Run
i. Confederates win; force Union to retreat to
Washington
e. new hope for the South
E. Lee Invades the North
1. Lee crossed the Potomac River into MD; South on offense
2. Hoped:
a. Victory in North might force Lincoln into peace talks
b. Invasion would give VA farmers rest from war during
harvest
c. Confederates could plunder, or steal from Northern farms
d. Show Confederacy could win the war; convince European
nations to join w/South
F. Fighting to a Draw at Antietam
1. Lee drew up a plan for attacking North
a. Officer leaves plans around cigars; found by North
b. McClellan attacks Lee’s army at Antietam Creek
i. bloodiest day in American history
c. No one gained ground; both sides wearied
d. Lee retreats to Virginia; McClellan doesn’t follow to finish
them off
i. Lincoln frustrated, fires McClellan