Download SC72 1st semester Study Guide

CP CHEMISTRY 1st semester Final Study Guide
Name:___________________________Hr_____
This is a guide to the skills that will be tested on the district test. The information is based off of the Curriculum Map.
Each section includes a list of objectives (things you should be able to do); a vocabulary section; and practice
problems.
Inquiry and Scientific Method
Distinguish relevant information in order to solve a problem.
Predict the outcome of an investigation based on prior evidence and probability.
Identify testable hypotheses from a given problem.
Interpret graphical and numerical data to make conclusions.
Select feasible equipment and materials for the most precise results.
Correctly use lab equipment to measure volume, mass, temperature and length
Determine independent and dependent variables when appropriate.
Interpret data that show a variety of possible relationships between variables including:
 Positive (direct) relationship
 Negative (indirect) relationship
 No relationship
Evaluating data collected in graphical form.
Use experimental data to draw conclusions and /or make predictions.
Design models to represent “real world” scenarios.
 Phase changes
 Particle collisions
Identify independent and dependent axis on a graph.
Choose the appropriate type of graph for communicating results.
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
ObservationHypothesisInferenceIndependent variableDependent variableControl groupPrecisionConclusionTheoryLaw-
Practice:
Matching Directions: Read the following statements and chose the correct answer. Write the correct
answer in the space
_____1) On a graph, the independent variable always goes on the ___ axis
A) X
B) Y
_____2) On a graph, the dependent variable always goes on the ___ axis
A) X
B) Y
_____3) A line graph is made when you have ____data.
A) observational
B) quantitative
C) qualitative
D) inferential
_____4) A bar graph is made when you have ____data.
A) observational
B) quantitative
C) qualitative
D) inferential
_____5) The variable that can be changed or chosen for the experiment is called the ____
variable.
A) hypothesis
B) dependent
C) independent
D) quantitative
_____6) The variable that is measured or collected for data is called the ____ variable.
A) hypothesis
B) dependent
C) independent
D) quantitative
Short Answer Directions: Read the following situations and write whether a line graph or a bar
graph would be constructed.
_____________8) The mass of a kangaroo is measured over 10 days.
_____________9) There are eight temperatures taken in 30 minutes.
_____________10) There are five different types of rabbits and how many carrots they eat.
_____________11) Different brands of music players and the battery life of each.
12) Draw the sequence of the scientific method (include the following: theory, hypothesis, law,
observation, question, experiment, conclusions)
12b) Distinguish between a control group and controls in an experiment.
13) Graphing Directions: Read the following situation and use the data table to make the
appropriate type of graph with all of the parts included.
Air bags in vehicles employ a reaction involving the substance sodium azide (NaN 3). When
sodium azide reacts, nitrogen gas (N2) is given off, which causes the airbag to inflate. An
experiment was conducted to determine the volume of nitrogen gas given off with differing
masses of sodium azide.
Mass of NaN3 (g)
Volume of N2 (L)
12.5
8.26
18.9
24.7
3.45
6.46
4.27
9.77
12.77
1.78
14) What type of relationship is revealed by the data (positive, negative, no relationship)?
JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER
15) Write a conclusion based on the evidence above.
16) Predict how much nitrogen gas is given off when 10g of sodium azide reacts.
Matter and Change
Explain observations using the law of conservation of matter and mass.
Apply the law of conservation of mass to changes in a system.
Use a graph of mass versus volume to find the density;
Use density to solve problems related to mass and volume.
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
Law of conservationMass VolumeHeat/temperatureVaporizationDensity-
Practice1. Explain the following observations using the law of conservation of matter and mass:
a. burning steel wool increases in mass
b. melting ice decreases in volume
c.
what will the final mass be when dissolving sugar in water
d. alka-seltzer mixed with water decreases in mass
Density math questions
2. A sphere has a density of 6.82 g/mL and a mass of 92.07 grams. What is the volume of the sphere?
3.
Marbles weighing 42.4 grams are put into a graduated cylinder containing 20 mL of water. The water rose
to a level of 24 mL. What is the density of the marbles?
4.
A metal cube has a mass of .11123 kg and a volume of .98 cL. What is the identity of the metal that the
cube is made of?
5.
What volume of aluminum would you need to have if it had a mass of 236.72 grams?
6.
What is the density of the substance graphed below? What is it’s identity?
Using the density table, construct a graph showing the
densities of the various materials listed. This is a LINE
graph! Don’t try making it into a bar graph! Then, using
the graph you constructed, answer the questions below.
.
Material
Density (g/cm 3)
Beeswax
.97
Bone
1.80
Clay
2.5
Diamond
3.3
Glue
2.75
Paper
1.15
1. List the materials that would float on water:
2. Explain, in terms of volume and mass why things float or sink in water:
3. Using your graph, interpolate how much 12 cm3 of clay would weigh.
4. Using your graph, extrapolate how many cm3 of glue you would have if you knew that it
weighed 25 grams.
6. Explain why you put the volume on the axis that you did.
Energy and States Part 1 (KMT)
Explain how molecular motion is related to temperature.
Interpret graphs involving relationships between temperature, volume and pressure of gases.
List the assumptions of KMT.
Explain the phase of matter using KMT.
Be able to calculate volume, pressure, and temperature using the gas laws.
Convert between Celsius and Kelvin temperatures.
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
KMT-
SolidLiquid GasUnits of pressureCombined gas lawKelvinPractice
1. Explain how molecular motion is related to temperature.
2. List the assumptions of KMT
3. Explain each phase of matter using KMT
a. solid
b. liquid
c.
gas
4. A 10 gram mass of krypton (Kr) occupies 15.0 L at a pressure of 210 kPa. Find the volume of the krypton
when the pressure is increased to 790 kPa.
5. A balloon filled with helium has a volume of 30.0 L at a pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of 15.0 oC.
What will be the volume of the balloon if the temperature is increased to 80.0 oC and the pressure remains
constant?
6. A rigid container of O2 has a pressure of 340 kPa at a temperature of 713 K. What is the pressure at 273 K?
7. A gas storage tank has a volume of 3.5 X 105 L when the temperature is 27oC, and the pressure is 101 kPa.
What is the new volume of the tank if the temperature drops to -10oC and the pressure drops to 95 kPa?
8. What is the pressure exerted by 44 grams of CO2 in a 26.0 L container at 28oC?
9. A sample of argon gas is at a pressure of 1.24 X 104 kPa and a temperature of 24oC in a rigid 25 liter tank.
How many moles of argon does this tank contain?
Draw graphs that describe following scenarios:
1. A dented ping pong ball fixes when you heat it
2. A propane tank sitting in the sun
3. A chip bag expands when you drive up north (to higher elevation)
4. A balloon inflates in your hot car
5. A turkey plunger pops when the turkey is done
Energy and States Part 2 (Thermal Chemistry)
Explain phase changes in terms of energy and particle motion.
Keep track of energy flow within a system and between a system and its surroundings.
Explain and interpret a heating/cooling curve diagram in terms of temperature and phase change.
Calculate specific heat q=ms∆T
Heat absorbance as related to temperature and specific heat capacity
Interpret the relationship between specific heat capacity and temperature change over time.
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
Kinetic energyBoilingFreezingMeltingCondensingMolecular motionSpecific heat capacityQ=mCΔTJoules-
Practice
Use the heating curve graph to respond to the following:
1. Label each section of the graph.
e
2. What is the boiling point?_____
d
c
b
a
3. What is the melting point?_____
4. What is the freezing point?_____
5. Is the substance water?_____
6. What evidence do you have for the
answer to number 5?
7. Explain what is happening to energy and molecular motion at each section:
a.___________________________________________________________________________
b.___________________________________________________________________________
c.___________________________________________________________________________
d.___________________________________________________________________________
e.___________________________________________________________________________
8. Describe energy flow in the following systems?
a. hot bowl of chili put into fridge:
b. hot metal into a calorimeter
9. How is heat transferred from one item to another (direction of transfer, way transfer occurs
molecular level), type of energy transferred)?
10. Determine the specific heat when 88.4 g of a metal heated to 96.7 C is dropped into 65.0 ml
of water (specific heat H2O = 4.184 J/g °C) starting at 25.0 C and eventually reaching a final
temperature of 33.7 C
11. How much heat is required to raise 151 grams of water from 21.0°C to boiling, to make a cup
of tea?
12. A cube of gold weighing 192.4g is heated from 30.0°C to some higher temperature, with the
absorption of 226 joules of heat. The specific heat of gold is 0.030 J/g∙°C. What was the final
temperature of the gold?
Substance
J/(gXoC)
water
4.18
vegetable oil
2.000
aluminum
0.90
concrete
0.880
glass
0.50
silver
0.24
Use the chart on the left to answer the following:
13. If the same amount of heat was added an equal amount of each
substance which would have the largest temperature change?
14. For the same scenario as number 13 which would have the
smallest temperature change?
15. If you heated the same amount of each item to the same
temperature which would require the most energy?
16. For the same scenario as number 15 which would release the smallest impact on it’s
environment?
17. Which would be the best to make a cup out of? and why?
Describing Substances
Use observations to determine physical and chemical properties of a substance.
Identify properties as physical or chemical.
Identify changes as physical or chemical.
Use a balance, graduated cylinder, metric ruler and thermometer correctly.
Identify methods to separate substances based on their physical properties.
Identify types of mixtures and /or solutions.
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
MassDensityMelting pointPhysical propertyHardnessFlammabilityChemical propertyHeterogeneous mixtureHomogenous mixtureFiltrationDistillationEvaporationElementCompound Pure substanceChemical changePhysical changePhase change-
Practice
1. What are the main indicators a chemical change has occurred?
2. Describe ways to separate the following mixtures:
a. Sand and iron:
b. Dissolved salt water:
c.
A mixture of alcohol and water:
d. poppy seeds and sand:
3. Label the following as physical or chemical changes:
a. _______________ condensation forming on a cold cup on a hot summer day
b. _______________ mercuric oxide is heated to become liquid Hg and colorless gaseous O2
c.
_______________ HCl is added to sea shells and bubbles are produced
d. _______________ boiling sea water to retrieve salt
e. _______________
f.
_______________ liquid N2 is poured onto table where it quickly turns into a gas
g. _______________ cooking an egg
h. _______________ Yellow Cl2(g) attacks silvery sodium metal to form white crystals of NaCl
i.
_______________ purple Iodine vapor appears when solid Iodine is warmed
j.
_______________ copper and zinc are heated and mixed to form brass
4. Describe each mixture as a substance (and element or compound) or mixture (and heterogeneous or
homogeneous)
History of the Atom
Read and analyze an article to describe how human curiosity and needs have influenced science, impacting the
quality of life worldwide.
Read and analyze an article to describe how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important
contributions to scientific innovations.
Read and analyze an article on how specific changes in science have affected society.
Read and analyze an article to determine how specific cultural and /or societal issues promote or hinder scientific
advancements.
Recognize and put in order of development the atomic model.
Describe the historical development of models of the atom.
Contrast hypothesis, theory and law.
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
DemocritusDaltonAtomic theoryThompson’s modelGold foil experimentRutherford’s modelBohr’s modelHypothesisTheoryLawPrinciplePractice
1. Draw and describe each step of the development of the atomic model.
2. A scientific law or theory is discarded if
a. no one uses it in a scientific paper for over fifty years.
b. after a certain number of years, at which time a scientist may try to reestablish it with new tests.
c. a committee of scientists says so.
d. it is contradicted by new experimental findings.
3. The distinction between law and theory as used by scientists is
a. a law is just a convenient hypothesis whereas a theory is known to be true.
b. a law tells what happens, and a theory tells us why it happens.
c. there really is no distinction between law and theory as used by practicing scientists.
d. scientific laws always conform to "common sense" whereas scientific theories rarely do.
Atomic Structure
Determine the identity of an element.
Determine the atomic number and mass number of an element from the periodic table.
Determine the correct number of electrons, protons and neutrons for any given element.
Identify what an isotope is.
Create electron configurations for any given element.
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
IsotopeProtonElectronNeutronEnergy levelsElectron configuration notationOrbital filling diagramsHund’s rule-
Practice
1. Complete the following table
Name
Symb
Atomic #
Mass #
# p+
# e-
# n0
Isotopic
Symbol
55
26
Ag
Fe
107
83
125
80
35
56
2. Draw the regular and orbital filling electron configuration for Rh.
3. What is changes between DIFFERENT ISOTOPES?
137
Br 1
Periodic table
Valence electrons by family
Ionic vs molecular compounds and their physical properties
Ionic vs covalent bond description
Periodic table group or family names
Periodic trends
Polar bonds
Vocabulary DEFINE include EXAMPLE
ValenceIonic Covalent Group/familyPeriodPolarPractice
1. Complete the following table
Element
group/family
#
Protons
metal/nonmetal/metalloid
Valence
Electrons
Oxidation
Number
Magnesium
Aluminum
Carbon
Germanium
Argon
Phosphorus
2. Explain why ionic compounds tend to be hard and brittle.
3. Explain why covalent compounds can be found in all three phases of matter.
4. Based on the information given below, identify the following materials as being covalent compounds or
ionic compounds. JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER
a. Material 1 has a melting point of 1,2000 C and cannot be bent.
b. Material 2 is the major component in clothing.
c. Material 3 is a green gas.
d. Material 4 is used in the gloves that electrical power workers use to keep themselves from
being shocked.
e. Material 5 is soluble in water and has a high melting point.