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KEY to "Broken Pieces of Yesterday's Life" by Sean Carroll,
Natural History 10/06
1. A "living fossil," like a coelacanth, is a creature that branched from an ancestral
lineage a long time ago and has not experienced much morphological change. What
follows is an excerpt from Dr. Julie Humphries' website about coelacanths (Humphries
works at UT at Austin) <http://digimorph.org/specimens/Latimeria_chalumnae/whole/>
"The coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae), group Actinistia, is an
enigmatic and important species of "fish." It is the only living
member (along with a recently discovered second species of
Latimeria) of the lobe-finned fishes, a group believed by some to
be the sister-group of the terrestrial vertebrates.
2. A "fossil gene" is a stretch of DNA in a creature's genome
with a sequence that is now nonsensical (because mutations
accrued when natural selection was relaxed), but is so similar to a functional gene that it
is thought to have once been a working gene. Thus, a fossil gene "shows effects of wear
and tear over time, like sedimentary rocks."
3. Coelacanths don't see in color because (a) proximate explanation: their opsin genes
began to accumulate mutations, e.g. deletions. (b) ultimate explanation: coelacanths live
deep (300+ feet) in the ocean. There is no use for color vision here; white light doesn't
penetrate that far. Opsin genes are thus dispensable.
4. Another creature that has lost color vision (its relatives have it): dolphins and whales.
Note that owl monkeys and blind mole rats have lost some color vision.
5. Human fossil genes: we have nearly 200 fossilized v1r olfactory receptor genes.
6. Mycobacterium species story: M. leprae has 1100 fossilized genes and lives within a
host cell that does much of its metabolic work for the bacterium. M. tuberculosis has 6
fossilized genes and lives independently.
7. "Natural selection cannot preserve what is not being used, and it cannot plan for the
future." Example: loss of opsin genes in the coelacanth; genes are not retained just in
case coelacanths “wanted to” live in more shallow water where color vision would be
advantageous. As a result, lost genes may be an important factor in species' extinction.