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APUSH c8-9 Questions Answered N Ealey 2 Antifederalists They were a motley crowd, consisted of the states’ right devotees, the background dwellers, the one- horse farmers, the work-soiled artisans, the ill- educated and illiterate(the poorer classes). They were joined by the paper-moneyites and debtors. They thought that the central government would make them pay off their debts at full value. They voiced their objections on the Constitution. They were mad because jeopardized by the absence of the bill of rights. They came up in 1787. E Johnson Peace of Paris,1783 The Peace of Paris was a treaty drawn up in1783. It was between the British and America. This treaty was written shortly after the battle at Yorktown.Iy was made up by John Jay and John Adams. It was very important because it marked the first time that Britain recognized America's independence. The treaty stated that the Americans would help British creditors collect pre war debts and to cease confiscating Tory property in exchange for Britain wathdrawing their troops. B Rodgers 6 Lexington-Concord In April 1775 the British commander in Boston sent troops to Lexington and Concord. They were to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and to capture the “rebel” ringleaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock. At Lexington the colonial “Minute Men” refused to distribute fast enough. Shots were fired that killed eight Americans and left several wounded. This was known as the “Lexington Massacre” rather than a battle. The redcoats went on to Concord, where they were forced to retreat by the rough and ready Americans. The confused British counted about three hundred casualties (something or somebody destroyed or suffering as an indirect result of a particular event), including some seventy killed. This was a start of a war. Erica Johnson 7 loyalists, Tories After the incident in April of 1775, Britiain constructed a professional army of about fifty thousand men to compete with trained American militia. Britain enrolled about fifty thousand American Loyalists along with about thirty thousand Germans, and Indians. The English Whig factions( Patriots), opposed to Lord North Tory’s wing (Loyalists). Loyalists were loyal to the king. Loyalists made up about 20% of the American people. Loyalists also included the king’s officers and other beneficiaries of the crown. Usually the Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican church was the strongest. They were the least numerous in New England, where self- government was especially strong and mercantilism (an early modern European economic theory and system that actively supported the establishment of colonies that would supply materials and markets and relieve home nations of dependence on other nations ) was especially weak. Loyalist Exodus- Before the Declaration of Independence in 1776, persecution of Loyalists was relatively mild. After the Declaration of Independence, Loyalists and Patriots were sharply separated. This led to much harsher methods of persecution for the Loyalists. They were roughly handled, hundreds were imprisoned, and a few were hanged. About eighty thousand loyal supporters of George were driven out or fled but several were permitted to stay. The estates of many were confiscated and sold to help finance the war. Some fifty thousand Loyalists served as spies by inciting the Indians and kept Patriot soldiers home to protect their families. This was to help the king’s causes. World War 1- The British devised a plan to roll up the colonies , beginning with the South, where the Loyalists were numerous. This led to the overrun of he colonies of Georgia(1778-1779)and Charleston, South Carolina(1780). Warfare intensified in the Carolinas where Patriots fought their Loyalist neighbors. The tide turned in 1780 and early 1781 when American riflemen wiped out a British detachment in King’s Mountain and then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens. General Nathanael Greene(Quaker-reared tactician) succeeded in clearing most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops. N Ealey 11 George Washington George Washington was the first President of the United States of America. He served two terms from 1789- 1797 he won by electoral votes. He was a esteemed war hero. He was important because he participated in the French Revolution, Farewell Address, American Revolution, Continental Congress, Constitutional Convention, French and Indian War, Neutrality Proclamation, Whiskey Rebellion, and the ratification of the Constitution. P Howard Connecticut Compromise At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, Connecticut's delegates supported the establishment of a strong national government. They played an important role in bringing about the Great Compromise (sometimes called the Connecticut Compromise). Convention delegates from large states wanted a state's representation in Congress to be based on population. Delegates from small states wanted all states to have equal representation in Congress. The compromise provided for representation in proportion to population in the House of Representatives and equal representation in the Senate. It enabled the large and small states to join in supporting a central government that had substantial powers. Connecticut ratified the U.S. Constitution on Jan. 9, 1788, becoming the fifth state to join the Union. During the 1780's, Connecticut gave up claims to most of the western land that the colony had been granted in the 1662 charter. Connecticut kept only its claim to the Western Reserve. Most of this land in northeastern Ohio was sold to the Connecticut Land Company in 1795. The money from the sale was used for education. M Seay The Iroquois Confederacy The Iroquois Confederacy was founded in the late 1500s by two distinct leaders, Deganwidah and Hiawatha. Located in the Northeast region of North America, it consisted of a combination of five Indian nations: the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas and the Senecas. The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance. It created perhaps the closest North America approximation to the great nation-states of Mexico and Peru. H Solomon THOMAS JEFFERSON Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 and he was a delegate form Virgina. He was the thrid president and the author of the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the most brilliant men in history. His interests were boundless, and his accomplishments were great and varied. As president he strengthened the powers of the executive brance of government. He was the first president to lead a political party, and through it he exercised control over the Congress of the United States FIRST AND SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS H SOLOMON The British had a strategy to divide the Americas and it nearly succeeded. The Colonial leaders met in the First Continental Congress that was held in Philadelphia in September and October in 1774. A pamphlet titled A Summary View of the Rights of British America intended to influence the Virginia delegates to the Congress. Thomas Jefferson denounced all parliamentary legislation as acts “of arbitrary power...over these states.” The Congress declared the British reform program “unconstitutional, dangerous, and destructive to the freedom” of America. More important, it voted to establish a Third Nonimportant Movement. Too much blood had been spilled to allow a peaceful compromise. A final “Olive Branch Petition” approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 was rejected by the king. As a series of military skirmishes fostered the growth of American patriotism, the Continental Congress took the final steps. In June 1775 it had commissioned George Washington to organize and lead a Continental Army. In addition, the Congress ordered publication on July 4, 1776, of a Declaration of Independence, which recounted the grievances against Britain and declared the colonies free and independent as the United States of America J Taylor 12) Yorktown British General Cornwallis went back to the Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown to await seaborn supplies and reinforcements. During one of the darkest periods of the war which was 1780-1781. This is important because Cornwallis had blundered into a trap. Accompanied by Rochambeu's French army, Washington beset the British by land, while de Grasse blockaded them by sea beating off the British fleet. Completely corned, Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19, 1781, as his band appropriately played "The World turn'd Upside Down." L Alexander Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights was the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. It was drafted and adopted in Philadelphia in 1791. The Bill of Rights safeguards some of the most precious American rights like freedom of religion, speech, and the press, and the right to a fair trial. One of the people that was very influential in the Bill of Rights were James Madison. B. Williams Commerce Compromise The commerce compromise was going into the creation of the Constitution. Thy wanted to know who would control state/federal/ interstate/ or foreign trade, who controled tariffs/tax, and slavery. They came to the conclusion that Feds would control intestate(state/local) and international(national) commerce. Feds also controlled tarriffs (tax on imported goods), but not exported goods. There are no interstate taxes, and no new slaves after 1808 K Jones Constitutional Convention, 1787 In 1787 the people gathered together in Philadelphia to form and sign the Constitution. S Gilyard Federalist Papers A series of 85 essays defending the Constitution. It appeared in New York and was written by federalist's leaders Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Between October 1787 and April 1788, it provided an analysis and an explanation of the Constitution that remained important today, such as the separation of powers and the division of powers. K Jones Land Ordinance of 1785 The first of the red letter laws, which was composed of the Old Northwest being sold to pay off national debt and the acres were being divided up for religion, education, and the rest was for the people. The two most important thongs they were trying to get in each acre were religion and education. D Randle James Madison Architect of the U.S. Constitution, a leading theorist of republican government and the fourth president of the U. S. as the American Revolution approached, he served from 1774 on the Orange County Committee of Safety. Two years later, he was elected to the Virginia convention that voted for independence and that drafted a constitution for the new state. In December of 1779, Madison became leader of the Continental Congress. During 1784-1786, he was convinced that the Articles of Confederation were too weak to bind the states together in the face of domestic and foreign threats to the unity of the new nation. At the Annapolis Convention in 1786 he took a lead call for the Constitutional Convention that met the following year in Philadelphia. S Hayes New Jersey Plan The New Jersey delegates and the Constitutional Convention of 1787 proposed a plan to protect the interests of the small states. They formed the New Jersey Plan. It suggested that all states have equal representation in Congress. D Reese Northwest Ordinance of 1787 This was related to the governing of the Old Northwest and helped to provide solutions for the problems if the new nation should deal with its colonial people. This was a judicious compromise: it provided temporary protection and permanent equality. It also prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory. T Mathis Shay's Rebellion Shay's Rebellion was an armed insurrection by farmers in the West Massachusetts against the state government in 1786-1787. Farmer's in debt, hit by the economic depression, petitioned that the State Senate should issue paper money and stop the foreclosure of mortgages and being in prison because of debt. Danielle Shays led the rebellion. And led to the ratification of Massachusetts U.S, Constitution. D Randle Three Fifths Compromise The purpose of this compromise was to count slaves as part of the state's population. The south thought all of their slaves should be counted for representation, but the north said no and only 3 out of every 5 slaves could be represented. S Hayes Virginia Plan In 1786, Edmund Randolph came up with the Virginia Plan. It favored the large states by calling for representation in Congress based on population or the tax contributions made by each state. When it was time to sign the Constitution, Randolph refused. Since Virginia wouldn't except his plan, he saw no reason for his name to be on the Constitution. He urged them to accept his plan and soon the colonies were united by the Virginia Plan.