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2.3 The Critical Period The Articles of Confederation The __________________________ established “a firm league of ____________” among the States. Powers Congress was given the power to __________ ______, deal with national finance issues, and settle disputes among the ________. Obligations The States promised to obey ________, and to respect the ____ of the other States. Most other powers were retained by each State. Question: What were the Articles of Confederation? Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation One vote for each state, ______________ ___ _______ Congress ____________ to lay an collect ________ or duties Congress ____________ to regulate foreign and interstate ____________ _____ _______________to enforce acts of Congress No national ___________ _____________ Amendment only with consent of ________States A ________ majority required to pass ________ Articles only a "firm league of friendship" A Call for a Stronger Government Representatives from Maryland and Virginia met at Mount Vernon, Virginia, in ________ to discuss trade issues. The meeting was so ________________ that the Virginia General Assembly requested a meeting of all ____________ ____________, which eventually became the __________________ ______________________in Philadelphia. Question: What did America do to create a stronger government in the 1780s? 2.4 Creating the Constitution Framers of the Constitution Leaders of the Philadelphia Convention • ___________ _____________was the co-author of the Articles of Confederation. • Gouverneur Morris was a lawyer who helped develop the U.S. system of money. • _____________ ___________________was a lawyer who favored a ________ central government. • George Washington was the successful leader of the ________________ Army. Some famous leaders who were NOT at the Philadelphia Convention • ___________ _____________said he “smelt a rat” and refused to attend. • • • Samuel Adams and John Hancock were not selected as delegates by their states. ___________ _____________and Thomas Paine were in Paris. _________ ___________was on diplomatic missions to England and Holland. Different Constitutional Plans The Virginia Plan • ________ branches of government • ____________ legislature (_____ houses) • “National ____________” and “National ____________” The New Jersey Plan ____________ Congress ____________ representation for States of different sizes ________ than one federal ____________ Question: What were the differences between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan? The Connecticut Compromise (aka Great Compromise) Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one segment with ________ ____________________for States (_______________), and the other with representation ________________ to the States’ populations (____________________________________) The Three-Fifths Compromise The Framers decided to count a ________ as _______ _________of a person when determining the population of a State. The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise Congress was forbidden from taxing exported goods, and was not allowed to act on the _________ ___________for ____years. Question: Describe some of the compromises on which the Convention agreed? Influences on and Reactions to the New Constitution Influences The Framers were familiar with the political writings of their time, such as works by ____________________________and ________________________________. They also were ____________, variously, by the Second Continental Congress, the ________________________________and experiences with their own ________ governments. Reactions When the Constitution was complete, the Framers’ ________ of their work ________. Some were ____________, like George Mason of Virginia, who opposed the Constitution until his death in 1792. ________ agreed with Ben Franklin’s thoughts when he said, “From such an assembly [of fallible men] can a ____________ production be ____________? It…________________me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to ____________ as it does…”