Download 1950s Fill in the Blank Notes

Eisenhower and the 1950s
I. Election of __________
A. No Reelection for __________________
1. Why? Military ___________________ in Korea, warinduced________________, and White House _____________.
2. Democrats nominated ______________ E. Stevenson of Illinois
B. _________________________ nominated Dwight D. Eisenhower ("Ike")
1. Eisenhower extremely popular hero of World War II
(_________________________ image)
2. Richard Nixon nominated for _______________________________. 
C. Eisenhower won by a _________________________: 442-89
1. First time since 1928 the Republicans won some ______________________ states.
 Why did the GOP win South in 1928? Al Smith was the Democratic
nominee & he was ____________________.
II. Eisenhower Republicanism: "____________________ conservatism" =
Domestic Policy
A. Ike _____________________ New Deal programs
1. Ike said dynamic conservatism meant “being conservative when it comes to
__________ and liberal when it comes to ___________________________.”
2. Social Security benefits __________________ and minimum wage _________ to
$1.00/hr
3. Sought _______________-of-the-road approach to gov't policy in the face of the
New Deal, WWII & the Fair Deal
4. ____________________ Highway system (_______) created modern
interstate freeway system
 $_____ billion plan built _____________ miles of freeways. 
i. Countless jobs on construction speeded _________________________.
 Federal gov’t paid _____% of cost and states paid ____%
 Purpose of the act: evacuation in case of _____________ war or need to move
troops and equipment ____________ throughout the country.
 The ____________________ industry suffered significantly in the face of
increased competition from automobiles and better transportation by
___________________.
5. __________________________ Seaway = Massive project of locks and
dredging opened the _________________________ as seaports as they were now
connected (via the St. Lawrence River) to the _________________ Ocean. 
6. Dept. of _____________, ___________________ and
_________________ created in 1953 by Congress to oversee some of FDR’s New
Deal programs. 
B. Sought a ____________________ federal budget; succeeded only ____ times in
____ years
1. Ike aimed to guard against "creeping ___________________"
2. Ike sought to balance the budget and lower taxes but did not roll back existing social
and economic legislation!
3. The Ike administration abolished the RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation) and
ended wage and price controls.
4. Reduced _______________spending down to ____% of GNP from 13% (from NSC1
68)
5. Eisenhower tried ____________________ to reduce price supports to
_____________ but ended up spending more money than any previous
administration.
6. By _______, Ike had accrued the highest peacetime _______________ in
US History. 
 1954, Ike ______________ tax rates for corporations & individuals with
________ incomes.
o Why? “Dynamic Conservatism” = conservative $ = Mellon
“__________________” economics.
C. Favored _________________________ large government holdings
1. Supported transfer of offshore _________________ from federal gov’t to
____________.
2. Encouraged private _______________ companies to compete with federal
____________.
D. Labor Unions __________ in Power
1. AFL and CIO ______________ in _______ in the wake of unemployment
jitters due to several business __________________ in the 1950s = ______________.
2. AFL-CIO expelled _______________ union in late 1950s when high
Teamster officials resorted to _____________________ to achieve their political
ends.
a. Jimmy _____________, head of the Teamsters, became one of the most
powerful union ____________ in U.S. history; influenced politicians with hardball tactics.
b. Hoffa's ascension triggered the split of the Teamsters and the AFL-CIO in _____.
i. Jimmy Hoffa threatened to defeat for reelection any _________________
who supported a __________ labor bill.
ii. _____ responded with the Landrum-Griffin Act in 1959. 
3. _____________-__________ Act (1959) = designed to prevent union
corruption, clamp down on illegal _________________ activities, and to guarantee
union members that unions will be run ____________________.
a. The act resulted from a highly publicized ____________ investigation of union
corruption and _____________________. The Senate Select Committee on Labor
and Management Practices, popularly known as the _____________ Committee,
was created in 1957 in large part because of the perception that the ____________
Union was corrupt and under the influence of ___________________ CRIME.
b. The McClellan Committee's investigation revealed that officials of the Teamsters
Union and other groups had taken union funds for ____________ use and that
the union was clearly linked to organized crime.
i. One result of the probe was the expulsion of the Teamsters and two other
unions from the AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR AND CONGRESS OF
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS (AFL-CIO). The AFL-CIO was & is the
____________ U.S. labor organization, a federation of autonomous LABOR
UNIONS that is dedicated to enhancing and promoting unionism
ii. The other result was the passage of the Landrum-Griffin Act. To prevent
abuses and acts of oppression, the act attempts to ____________ some
internal union affairs and provides for reporting to the government on
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various union transactions and affairs.
iii. Senator JOHN F. ___________________ of Massachusetts was
instrumental in inserting Title I of the act, which has been dubbed the union
_______ of rights.
E. Republicans _______ both houses in ______ due to _____________ troubles at home.
 GOP had won control of both houses in______ under Truman!!!!!!!
F. ___________ admitted as ____ state in _____; Hawaii became 50th state in _____
III. Civil Rights during the 1950s: NAACP finally achieves desegregation
A. Eisenhower did ____ intend to be a "______________" president.
 Yet, he oversaw some of most significant civil rights gains in U.S. history! 
B. 1940s, NAACP began to attack "separate but equal" by suing segregated colleges &
universities; blacks gained entrance into many Southern universities in the ‘40s.
 Public elementary and secondary schools remained segregated. 
C. Earl _________ appointed by Eisenhower as ______ Justice of Supreme Court in____
 Although viewed as a _____________, Warren would become the most
significant Chief Justice of the 20th century and lead the most ________court of
the 20th century.
 He is the Chief Justice from ______-______. 
o Decisions affected the status of racial segregation, civil rights, separation of
church and state, and police ________ procedure in the United States.
o The Warren Court is recognized as a high point in the use of the judicial
power in the effort to effect _______ progress in the U.S.
 He was the Republican VP nominee in ______
 He chaired the Warren Commission, which investigated _______ assassination.
D. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, _______
1. _______ filed suit on behalf of _______ Brown, a black elementary school student.
o Topeka school board had denied Brown admission to an ___________ school.
o Case reached Supreme Court in _______
2. Thurgood ___________ represented Linda Brown
o He argued that public school segregation violated the "_________________"
clause of the _____ Amendment to the Constitution.
o Segregation deprived blacks an _________ educational opportunity.
o Separate could not be equal because segregation in itself lowered the ________
and ______________ of black students.
3. Chief Justice Warren persuaded the Court to overturn __________________.
o "Separate educational facilities are ______________ unequal. It has no place
in public education.”
o One year later, Court ordered school integration "with all __________ speed."
4. Response to Brown v. Board of Education:
o __________ officials considered ruling a ______ to state and local authority.
 Eisenhower felt gov’t should not try to _______ segregation.
 Called appointment of Warren "my biggest damnfool ________ I
ever made."
 ____% of southern whites ______________ Brown decision.
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Some white students, encouraged by parents, refused to attend
___________ schools.
 _____ reemerged in a much more ________ incarnation than in ____.
o Southern state legislatures passed more than _____ laws and resolutions aimed
a preventing _______________ of Brown decision.
 "___________ Resistance", 1956: Virginia state legislature passed a
massive resistance law cutting off state ____to _________________
schools.
 By _____, only ____% of non-white school children in the South were in
_________________ schools. 
o End of "Massive Resistance":
 ______ = federal and state courts __________ Virginia laws
which prevented state funds from going to integrated schools.

E. __________________ Bus Boycott (______-_____)
1. December 1955, Rosa _______ arrested was in Montgomery, Alabama,
after refusing to give her bus seat to a white man; she was ordered to sit at the
back of the bus.
o Found _________ and fined $___; over _____ others arrested and charged as
well for boycotting buses during the following months.
2. African Americans leaders called for a boycott; nearly ___% of bus users were ______.
 Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., leader of Dexter Avenue __________ Church,
became a leader of the boycott; emerged as leader of civil rights movement.
 Boycotts = non-____________ economic protest 
 MLK learned from history: Colonial boycotts on Stamp Act &
Townshend Acts hurt the British. 
3. Montgomery bus boycott lasted nearly _____ days.
 _________ house was bombed.
 88 other black leaders were _________ and fined for conspiring to boycott.
4. _____ = Supreme Court ruled segregation on Montgomery ______ was
unconstitutional b/c it violated the __th Amend. = protection clause. 
 On December 20, 1956, segregationists gave up & buses were ___________
& the boycott ended. 
F. Crisis in Little Rock, _____________, _____
1. Gov. Orval __________ ordered the ___________ National Guard to surround
Central High School to prevent ___ black students ("Little Rock Nine") from entering
the school.
o Why was the school being integrated? Brown v. BOE (1954) & in 1955 the
Warren Court stated all public schools had to be “integrated with all deliberate
speed”
2. __________ court ordered ____________ of the Arkansas National Guard and for
the students to be allowed to enter the school.
o _________ erupted and forced Eisenhower to act.
 Why must Ike act? It is the president’s job to _________ the laws
(even if they don’t like them.)
3. Eisenhower _____________ ordered ______ federal troops into Little
Rock and ______________ the Arkansas National Guard, this time
______________ students.
o 1st time since ________________ that a president had to send
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federal troops into the ___________ to enforce the Constitution!!!!
o A small force of federal troops was stationed at the school throughout the year to
escort the “Little Rock 9” to school everyday.
4. Next year, Little Rock public schools ___________ entirely.
o How? Public schools are a _______ right (not a federal). States do not have to
have public schools, BUT if they have them they can’t discriminate based on race.
o White attended private schools or outside city schools.
o Most blacks had no school to attend.
5. August _____, Little Rock school board gave in to integration after another Supreme
Court ruling and opened & integrated Arkansas _______ schools. 
G. Civil Rights Acts
1. Civil Rights Act of _____ = it established a ________________ Civil Rights
Commission & a Civil Rights Division of the _____________ Department, which was
empowered to prevent interference with the right to vote.
 This was proposed by Eisenhower!
2. Civil Rights Act of _____ = gave _________ courts the power to __________
African American voters. 
H. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern __________ Leadership Conference
1. Jan. 1957, King created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (________)
o MLK was the _______________ of the SCLC
2. SCLC = a Civil Rights organization that promoted ______________ resistance:
o King urged followers not to fight with authorities even if ___________.
o King’s nonviolent tactics similar to Mohandas ___________ (both were inspired
by Henry David ____________’s On Civil Disobedience written while jailed for
refusing to fight in the ____________-American War (______-______))
 Use __________ arguments to change minds of oppressors.
 King linked nonviolence to ______________: "Love one’s enemy."
o ________ became effective new _________ of nonviolence.
 ___________ in universities and colleges all over U.S. vowed to integrate
lunch counters, hotels, and entertainment facilities.
 _____________ sit-in (Feb. _____): First sit-in by ___ North
Carolina college ____________ at the ______________ lunch counter
for black students being refused service.
 After thousands participated in the sit-in, merchants in
Greensboro gave in _____ months later
 Word spread & a wave of sit-ins occurred throughout the country.
 Targets were southern stores of national ________. 
 Variations of sit-ins emerged: "_________-ins" for all-white churches;
"________-ins" in all-white libraries; "________-ins" at all-white beaches;
"_________-ins" in motel lobbies.
3. ____________ movement:
o Nonviolence of students provoked increasingly __________ actions from those
who opposed them.
 Some blacks were beaten, and harassed by white teen-agers.
o Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (______) created by the
_______to better organize the movement in April of ______ after then
Greensboro sit-in.
 SNCC pronounced "snick"
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"Jail not ______" became the popular slogans
 Reminds me of Alice Paul & the NWP’s fight for the __th Amendment.
 Students adopted civil _______________ when confronted with jail.
 SNCC played a major role in:
 sit-ins and __________ Rides, the 1963 March on ____________,
Mississippi ____________ Summer, and the Mississippi Freedom
Democratic Party over the next few years.
 In the later part of the 1960s, led by fiery leaders such as Stokely
___________________, SNCC focused on "________ power",
and then protesting against the ____________ War.
 In ___, SNCC officially changed its name to the Student ____________
Coordinating Committee to reflect the (violent) broadening of its
strategies.
 It passed out of existence in the ________.
o Students for a Democratic Society (_____) = VERY liberal Democratic
student activist movement that represented the country's _____________. The
organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at
its last convention in 1969.
 SDS was the organizational high point for student _____________.
 Its use of _____________ government, __________ action, radicalism,
student power, shoestring budgets, and its organizational structure are all
present in varying degrees in current national student activist groups today.

IV. Other minority groups
A. _____________-Americans
1. _______________ of new lands in the Southwest resulted in demand for low-_____
agricultural ________. (migrant workers)
2. Similar to WWII, Congress created a temporary worker program to bring in seasonal
agricultural workers (“_____________”)
3. Many braceros remained in the U.S. __________ joining thousands of other illegal
undocumented immigrants.
4. “Operation _____________” = Eisenhower instituted and ___________ more
than ___million allegedly undocumented immigrants, many without
_________________ of law.
 Hundreds of thousands continued to spill across the border from Mexico
anyway.
5. By _____, the percentage of Mexican Americans living in urban areas reached ____%.
B. __________ Americans
1. Unemployment on Amerindian reservations was VERY high. 
2. After World War II, Congress ______________ the Indian Reorganization Bill (New
Deal) with attempts to ________________ Native Americans (like the Dawes
Severalty Act of 1887) with the ____ Indian Reservation __________________ Act!
AWWWWHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!!!
 Reasoning of Congress: “Whereas it is the policy of Congress, as rapidly as possible,
to make the Indians within the territorial limits of the United States subject to the same
laws and entitled to the same privileges and responsibilities as are applicable to
other citizens of the United States, to end their status as _________ of the United
States, and to grant them all of the rights and prerogatives pertaining to American
_____________________________”
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3. Between 1954 and 1962, Congress withdrew _______________ support
from 61 reservations
4. Over ___________ acres of Amerindian lands transferred to _____Amerindians
5. Congress sought to ______ Amerindians off reservations into _______ areas through
____________ programs.
 By 1960, 60,000 Amerindians had left their reservations for the city; most
lived in ___________; _____ eventually returned to the reservations. 
V. Cold War in Europe: 1953-1961
A. Sec. of _____ John Foster ______ initiated new policy of “Massive ___________”
1. Two major principals:
a. Encourage ___________ of the captive peoples in _______ Europe by
widespread use of ________ pressure and ________________.
i. Radio broadcasts beamed to countries behind the Iron Curtain by the Voice
of America and Radio ______ Europe that urged people to ________
their communist governments
b. Massive ____________
i. ________ or ___________ aggression would be countered with ______
weapons directly ____ USSR and China.
ii. ______________ = the art of _______ backing down from a _______,
even if it meant pushing the nation to the brink/edge of ______.
2. Ike’s foreign policy ________ the containment policy b/c it
____________ Soviet power where it already existed!
a. US foreign policy should __________ (not tolerate) communism; communism
was "__________"
i. Similar to Wilson’s “________ Diplomacy”
3. U.S. & USSR begin arms race to accumulate sophisticated nuclear arsenals.
a. Preemptive strike capabilities emphasized: destroy the other side before they can
destroy you.
4. Eisenhower was able to appear as a _____________ (“good cop”) when compared to
Dulles (“_____ cop.”)
a. Dulles was a mechanism to deter Soviets while ______________ attention from
Eisenhower.
5. Americans began preparing for the __________________ in case of nuclear war.
6. Emergence of Mutual ____________ Destruction (_______)
a. Soviet development of the hydrogen bomb in 1953 meant Dulles’ policy of Massive
Retaliation was _____ practical.
b. Both sides would lose in a _____________________ war.
c. MAD became an important _____________ for nuclear war during the next ___
decades.
B. "New Look __________"
1. Eisenhower sought to _______ military budget by reducing the ______ and ______
while building up an ____ fleet of ______ bombers with _________ weapons.
2. Nuclear force would cost less than huge conventional force = "more _______ for the
________."
 Nuclear force = "__________"; US unable to respond to ________ crises
(e.g. Hungary) 
3. In reality, military costs ____________ due to expensive aerial & atomic hardware.
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So, the plan didn’t work.
4. Eisenhower’s "Farewell Address" (______): warned Americans of the
dangerous growth of the ___________-_____________-___________.
 Vast, interwoven ___________ establishment and arms ____________.
 _________ was enormous (largely in the National Security Council)
and had potential to effect _______________ itself.
 His own policies had nurtured its growth 
C. __________ Pact
1. West Germany welcomed into _______ in 1955 with half ____________ troops.
2. _____, Soviets sign Warsaw Pact in response new NATO strength in west.
 Countries include all the E. European ______________ countries
controlled by Moscow.
D. Easing of the Cold War tensions occurred after __________’s death in _____.
1. After a 2-year power struggle, Stalin succeeded by Nikita _____________ in 1955.
a. New leadership offered opportunity to reduce _________. 
i. Khrushchev _________ denounced bloody excesses of the Stalin regime 
b. He set out to improve living conditions in the ________ 
c. He stated that he wanted "Peaceful ________________" with the western
democracies.
d. Khrushchev hoped to _________ nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America with
the superiority of communism as an _______________ system.
i. To the West he stated: "We will _________ you" (economically)
e. War between USSR & West now seen as _________________. 
i. ___________ competition will demonstrate superiority of Soviet system.
2. U.S.S.R. agreed to leave ___________ in May ______.
3. Eisenhower moved to ________ tensions 
4. ___________ Summit -- 1955 (July)
a. US met with USSR, Britain, & France to begin discussions on European
______________ and ________________.
i. No agreements made 
b. _________ resists idea of ___________ Germany, especially West’s ally.
c. Both sides agreed to necessity of nuclear _________________.
i. US & USSR _________________ suspend _______________ testing
in October, _______.
E. __________________ Uprising, ______
1. Eastern Europeans, inspired by Khrushchev’s words, began to seek more __________
in _______.
a. _______ workers riot against Soviets & ______ greater control over own gov’t.
2. ___________ Uprising: 1956
a. Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding ____________
and independence.
b. Hungarians inspired by ____ position to free people from communist control. 
c. ________ tanks & soldiers quickly moved in to _______ uprising. 
i. Americans never showed up; Ike didn't want a world war over __________
(showed the limits of Massive ________________). 
d. World watched as Budapest became a _____________________.
e. US unable to help -- nuclear force too much "__________"
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i. US-Soviet relations _______ again.
f. Many see Dulles’ "_____________" of E. Europe as _____________.
i. Eisenhower unwilling to use "massive retaliation" over Hungary.
ii. Proved Eisenhower was more _____________ vis-à-vis the Cold War.
F. _____________, ______ = beginning of the “_________ Race”
1. 1957, _________ launch first ever ___________ artificial ____________ in orbit.
2. Americans ____________ at the thought of Soviet technology being
capable of transporting __________ weapons.
a. US technological superiority over the Russians seemed _________.
b. Public demanded "____________ gap" be eliminated!!!!!
c. Yet, America’s manned bombers still a powerful _______________.
3. National Defense ______________ Act (______): Eisenhower ordered
rigorous education program to match Soviet _________________.
a. ___ of all ____________ scientists & engineers went into full-time __________
research.
b. Special emphasis on ______, _________, & _________ languages in secondary
edu. & college.
4. _____, US successfully launched its satellite into orbit, _________________.
5. _____, NASA (National ________________ Space Agency) launched by
Ike. 
6. US conducted massive ______ buildup: more ______, nuclear ______, short-range
__________ in Europe.
G. Khrushchev issues ____________ on Berlin in November ______.
1. Gave Western powers ___months to vacate ________ Berlin.
2. Eisenhower and Dulles ____________ to yield; world held its breath
3. Visitations ease the conflict:
a. Vice-Pres. _________ visited _______ in _____ = "_________ Debates"
with Khrushchev over whose _____________ system was better.
b. Sept. of 1959 = Khrushchev made a two-week trip to ______
i. He left the U.S. shaken at America’s ______________ 
c. Ike and Khrushchev agree to hold summit the next year in Paris.
4. Khrushchev said the Berlin ultimatum was _____________ indefinitely.    
H. ______ Incident results in worst U.S.-Soviet relations since ________
1. May 1, 1960 = U.S.’s __________ plane shot down deep in _________ territory 
a. Pilot Francis Gary _____________ captured by Soviets
2. Incident occurred ____ days before planned Paris __________.
3. Eisenhower admitted he ______________ U-2 flights for national security.
4. Ike ______________ further flights but Khrushchev demanded an __________ at
Paris.
a. Ironically, Soviets had conducted massive __________ activities in the U.S. since
World War II
5. Ike __________ to apologize and Khrushchev angrily called ______Paris summit
conference.
VI. Cold War in the Middle East
A. _________
1. _______ engineered _______ in Iran in _____ that installed the
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_______ as the dictator of Iran!
a. Nationalist leader ____________________ wanted to nationalize _______ oil
holdings in Iran; U.S. & Britain saw this as ____________________.
b. US felt Moussadegh was dangerous to our ______ interests
i. Ironically, Moussadegh had been _______ magazine’s Man of the Year just a
short while earlier.
2. In _____, the Iranian Revolution overthrew the Shah and exacted ____________
against the _____ by holding 50 Americans __________ for 444 days (Iran Hostage
Crisis).
B. Egypt: ________ Crisis
1. Egypt: Gamal Abdel __________ becomes president (Arab nationalist)
a. Opposed existence of ___________ (U.S. had supported Israel’s creation in 1948,
at the expense of the Palestinians)
b. Sought funding for ___________ Dam on upper Nile for irrigation & power.
c. U.S. ________ to lend money to Egypt but ___________ to give arms.
2. US ______________ its financial aid offer when Nasser seemed to _______Russia
and established ______________ relations with the People’s Republic of China.
3. Nasser _________ & _______________ the Suez Canal that was owned
mostly by _________ and French stockholders but was located in Egypt.
4. October 1956, ________, _________ & _________ attacked Egypt in an
attempt to __________________ the canal.
a. World seemed on _________ of WWIII
5. Eisenhower honored the UN charter's __________________ commitment and
reluctantly __________________ the attack on Egypt.
a. The Hungarian Crisis was happening simultaneously 
b. The USSR sided with the US by denouncing the invasion!!!!!!
c. The Soviets threatened to send troops to Egypt if the US did.
6. Ike forced a ____________ on Britain, France and Israel. They withdrew troops and
UN force were sent to keep order.
a. U.S. used financial pressure & military pressure to make them cave in.
b. U.S. is now w/out any doubts the super Western power!
c. This crisis showed the weaknesses of _______ in its lack of planning &
cooperation.
7. Nasser gained control of the Suez
a. Britain & France _________ at US for siding against a _______ ally.
C. ________________ Doctrine
1. Empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of
the _______________ if threatened by a Communist controlled country.
 Truman Doctrine = empowered the president to extend economic &
military aid to nation in __________ if threatened by communism or a
Communist controlled country.
2. ______, Marines entered _______________ to promote political stability
during a change of governments
VII. Cold War in Asia
A. ______________
1. __________________, a Communist, began fighting for the liberation of
Indochina from _________ colonial rule days after the end of World War II.
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2. The Communists defeated the French at _________________ in March 1954; the
last major outpost
a. U.S. had given much aid to ___________ to prevent communist expansion.
b. _________ wanted US bombers to aid French (use of ________ weapons)
 Similar to Douglas MacArthur (Korean War)
c. Eisenhower refused fearing _________ non-support
 Similar to Truman in Korean War. (Atomic Energy Act gave pres. power over
nuclear weapons)
3. Multinational conference at __________ split Vietnam in half at the ___th
parallel.
a. Ho Chin Minh accepted it based on assurance that Vietnam-wide ___________
would occur within ___ years.
b. In the ______, pro-western gov't under ___________________ took control
in __________.
4. Diem’s ____________ to hold elections seriously divided the country.
a. Communist guerrillas in the south (__________) increased campaign against Ngo.
b. _________ continued to support ________ Vietnam
5. ________ created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (______) in
order to help & prop up _______’s regime; Britain & France included.
a. Supposed to be a "_______" in Southeast Asia.
i. The only countries to sign SEATO in Sept. _____ were the ____________
Republic, ______________, and ________________.
b. US pledged to contain & prevent communist expansion in ______ (Vietnam and
China)
c. U.S. sent in military ____________ to train ______ Vietnamese forces
6. ____________ Theory: If one country falls to communism, neighboring
countries will also fall like dominoes (included _______, ___________,
_____________, Burma, maybe _________)
a. This idea got the U.S. involved in the Vietnam War in ______s! 
B. ___________ & Matsu
1. The small islands of Quemoy and Matsu off the coast of China were occupied by the
Nationalist Chinese under __________________ (Jiang Jieshi) but claimed by the
People’s Republic of China (Communist Red China).
2. _____, Chinese Communists began to shell the tiny Nationalist islands where Jiang
Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) had committed ____ of his Taiwanese army. 
3. Eisenhower gained ___________ approval and sent the Seventh Fleet to aid and
defends Jiang and Formosa (__________).
4. Dulles convinced Jiang to __________ force in regaining Chinese mainland and thus,
____________Communist fears.
VIII. Cold War in Latin America
A. _________
1. Prior to 1959, U.S. _____________ were active in Cuba.
a. Owned ___% of Cuban mines and ___% of Cuban ________ operations.
b. Cuba: 2nd highest standard of ________ in Latin America; among highest literacy
2. __________________ took control of Cuba, New Years Day, _____
a. Fulgencio __________, an oppressive dictator since 1951, fled.
b. Castro visited U.S. but ____ refused to see him (unsure if Castro was a communist)
i. __________ met with him instead
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c. Castro eventually confiscated & _______________ American-owned property. 
d. September _____, ________________ decided to aid Cuba.
i. Deteriorating Cuban relations with U.S. led Castro to _______ Soviet ally
ii. February 1960, Cuba signs a _______ agreement with the Soviets
e. U.S. began plotting ___________ Castro
f. July 1960, Khrushchev publicly extended Soviet ___________ umbrella to Cuba.
i. Khrushchev stated _________ Doctrine was _______ and he would
shower ____________ on the U.S. if it____________ Cuba.  YIKES!
g. Sept 1960, CIA opened talks with the ______ to arrange a "____" on Castro.
i. Oct. 1960, U.S. placed an __________ on Cuban cigars & sugar.
ii. Jan. 1961, U.S. broke off ____________ relations with Cuba! 
iii. Castro encouraged ________________ in other parts of Latin
America. 
1. US now saw Castro as a serious threat to national _____________.
3. U.S. persuaded the Organization of _______________ States (OAS) to
condemn Communist infiltration into the Americas.
a. In turn, Congress responded to Eisenhower’s recommendation for $____ million in
aid for Latin America = Latin American "____________ Plan"
B. Overthrow in __________________
1. Pres. Jacabo Arbenz Guzman of Guatamala had _______________ 500,000 acres
belonging to the United Fruit Co. of _________; showed strong ______________
sympathies
2. _____ helped overthrow President ____________ in ______ after he began
accepting ______ from the U.S.S.R.
C. ______: Vice-Pres. Nixon forced to call off an 8 nation good-will tour of Latin America after
meeting hostile ______ in __________________ and _______.
1. U.S. still seen as the “______________ of the North” 
IX. Eisenhower evaluated
A. He __________________ the New Deal and Fair Deal in numerous ways and further
embedded them in American life.
 America grew in ________________ & affluence during the Eisenhower years
B. As opposed to most "_________________" presidents, Eisenhower showed more skilled
leadership during his last two years than at any time before.
1. For _____ years, Democrats controlled Congress.
2. Ike uses the ______ power ____ times and was overridden only _______. WOW!
C. Public works projects revitalized certain areas of the country.
1. _________________ waterway project, constructed with __________, turned
cities in the Great Lakes region into bustling seaports.
2. Federal ____________ Project created modern interstate freeway system.
D. Worked with Khrushchev to tone _______ Cold War hostilities during much of the 1950s.
E. A major criticism has been the seeming _______________ of "massive retaliation"
1. Also Ike’s use of ___________ diplomacy in ending the Korean War.
2. Yet, Ike exercised ____________ in military affairs despite being a general! 
F. Eisenhower’s greatest failing (perhaps) was his anemic/conservative stance on _____ rights and the
plight of other minorities in the U.S.
1. Until _____, blacks struggled to get _____________ assistance for civil rights. 
2. Operation _____________ 
3. Loss of funding and lands in ________________ reservations 
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Essay Questions for Review:
1.
To what extent was American Cold War policies successful in Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Latin
America during Eisenhower’s presidency?
2. To what extent was the Civil Rights movement successful in achieving its goals during the 1950s?
3. Eisenhower has been characterized as a moderate Republican (middle-of-the-road). To what extent is this
characterization valid?
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