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BIOLOGY AP Exam 6 Practice Exam Short Answer and Multiple Choice NAME_____________________________ PER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. The following diagram shows an action potential of a neuron. For each question, you can answer with one letter or multiple letters. a) At which letters would you find Na+ voltage-gated OPEN? ________ b) At which letter(s) would you find the Na+/K+ pump WORKING? ________ c) At which letter(s) would you find K+ voltage-gated channels OPEN? ________ d) At point F, would there be a more positive charge on the INSIDE or OUTSIDE of the neuron? ____________ e) At point B, would you find more Na+ on the INSIDE or OUTSIDE of the neuron? _____________ f) What is the charge (in millivolts) on the INSIDE of a neuron when it is at rest? ___________ 2. The following diagram represents the concept of counter-current exchange in fish. a) Which point (A, B, C, or D) represents where WATER enters the fish? _______ b) Which point represents the point at which the fish's blood has the MOST oxygen bound to hemoglobin? ________ c) What is one disadvantage of breathing under water? __________________________________________________ 3. Birds (also known as aves) have adapted to high altitudes through a specialized system of breathing. (3 pts) a) Is the partial pressure of O2 in air at the altitudes where birds fly higher or lower than at sea level? ____________ b) Briefly, describe a bird's respiratory system and how it allows for birds to survive at these high altitudes. You may add a labeled picture to your explanation if that would help. ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Insulin released from the pancreas will have all the following effects on the body (circle the appropriate level for each statement) a) INCREASE or DECREASE in glycogen formation b) INCREASE or DECREASE in blood sugar levels 5. Suppose you are studying various ion channel inhibitors in neurons. One inhibitor called "Blockage" binds to Ca2+ ion channels and prevents them from opening. Suppose you have two neurons: 1 and 2. You treat #1 with "Blockage" and you leave #2 alone. direction of signal a) Suppose you open up a Na+ channel up at point B so that an action potential is generated. Would you expect to see the signal to passed on to the next neuron and eventually measure an action potential at point D? Yes or No ____ b) Explain your answer to (a) _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ c) For each of the following letters, state which part of the neuron is represented using the following list: Axon Axon Terminal Dendrite Synapse Cell Body Synaptic Vesicle A ___________________ B ___________________ C (refers to the space between the two neurons) _____________ 6. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is released by a neuron to activate a muscle cell. Acetylcholine receptors are found on the muscle cell. After acetylcholine is released and activates the muscle, it is important to have a method to shut down this activation. What are two possible ways that this neurotransmitter can be stopped from activating the muscle cell for too long? Be sure to briefly explain the method - don't just put one or two words. a) _____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Hemoglobin is a protein that binds to oxygen. It has four subunits and each subunit carries one oxygen. Suppose you have the following data: Partial Pressure of Number of O2 (mm Hg) oxygens carried 10 0 30 1 40 2 55 3 70 4 a) Draw a graph on the right that shows the binding capabilities of hemoglobin. Be sure to label each axis properly. Label the curve "normal". b) Fetal hemoglobin has a different binding curve than normal, adult hemoglobin. Draw where you would expect to find fetal hemoglobin on your graph. c) pH can also affect hemoglobin binding. On the graph, draw where you would expect to find hemoglobin that has been exposed to an acidic environment. 8. The human kidney's function is to produce concentrated urine. The kidney is made up of approximately one million nephrons to help this occur. A diagram of a nephron is below. a) On the diagram, circle where the concentration of salt in the extracellular environment will be HIGHEST. b) On the diagram write "ADH" where you will find a large amount of ADH receptors. c) Alcohol will inhibit ADH receptors. Will this cause an INCREASE or DECREASE in water reabsorption by the kidney. 9. Interferon is a part of your non-specific immune system. It prevents the replication of viral DNA and protein. The specific immune system will also respond to a viral infection. For each of the following statements, state where it is part of the HUMORAL (H) response, or the CELL MEDIATED (C) response or BOTH (B) ___ Involves MHC molecules ___ Macrophages consume antigen ___ Memory B cells are made ___ Involves Antibodies ___ Killer T cells secrete perforin ___ Involves antigens 10. Below is a chart showing the immune response compared to time. Please draw in the two lines to show how the immune response would compare between the first exposure to a certain antigen, to the second exposure to that same antigen. Immune Response First Exposure Second Exposure 11. Describe two specific ways that antibodies help to fight an infection. a) ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 12. Organisms can have circulatory systems that are classified as single circulation or double circulation paths. Fish have single circulation while human beings have double circulation. a) Discuss the differences between single circulation and double circulation. ________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ b) Does an organism with single circulation have a higher or lower metabolic rate when compared to an organism with double circulation? _____________________ 13. An organism must be able to release the waste product of carbon dioxide from its cells. a) What specific organelle in the cell produces Carbon Dioxide (CO2)? b) After CO2 is released from the cell, it enters a red blood cell and undergoes a specific reaction. i) What is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction? ii) What is the final product of this reaction? c) After a blood donation, the blood is separated into various components, including plasma, platelets, and red blood cells. Which component of the blood (AND WHY) would you find the MOST final product of the reaction you answered in b)ii)? 14. Several different examples of respiratory surfaces can be found in the animal kingdom. a) Why do animals that respire through their body surface have constantly moist skin? b) Why do fish have blood vessels that flow in the opposite direction as water in the gills? c) What advantage does a large surface area in the alveoli have for animals that use lungs? d) Why is it advantageous for an insect to rely on tracheal systems for delivery of oxygen to individual cells, rather than their circulatory system? 15. The concentrations of K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+ were all measured on the inside and outside of a resting neuron (at -70 mV). They were found to be: INSIDE: OUTSIDE: [K+]=100 mM [K+]=5 mM [Na+]=15 mM [Na+]=150 mM [Ca2+]=0.0002 mM [Ca2+]=2 mM [Cl-]=13 mM [Cl-]=150 mM For the following questions, answer IN or OUT of the neuron. a) If a K+ voltage-gated channel opens, which way will K+ flow? b) The Na+/K+ pump uses ATP. Which way does it pump K+? c) If a Cl- channel is opened, which way will Cl- flow? For the following questions, answer if the inside of the neuron would become more NEGATIVE or more POSITIVE. d) If a Ca2+ channel is opened, what would happen to the potential in mV? e) If a Cl- channel is opened, what would happen to the potential in mV? 16. Suppose you are participating in a research study to look at connections between respiratory rates and exercise. You run 2 miles and then are tested by the research assistant. a) Would you expect the areas around your muscles to have a higher or lower than normal pH? b) What effect would this kind of environment (the one you answered in part (a) have on hemoglobin and its binding to oxygen? c) Relate this effect to what you know about protein structure and R-groups. Basically, why does this change in binding capabilities occur at a molecular level - what is happening? d) Suppose that you measure your systolic blood pressure after this run. What effect would the vasodilation of your capillaries have on systolic blood pressure? 17. If a women is injected with HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), what effect would you expect on her menstrual cycle? Be sure to explain your answer. 18. Hormonal control is one of the methods used to regulate body systems such as the excretory system. One important hormone for the excretory system is ADH (Antidiuretic hormone). a) There are many substances that inhibit the actions of ADH. Caffeine is an example of a substance that inhibits ADH. Which of the following are symptoms that you would find in a person who ingested caffeine? (list all that apply) I) more concentrated urine II) a feeling of dehydration (losing too much water) III) high concentrations of urea in the blood IV) greater volumes of urine b) What part of the nephron does ADH act on? Glomerulus Loop of Henle Collecting Duct Bowman's Capsule c) Individuals with diabetes insipidus do not produce enough ADH. Would individuals with diabetes insipidus have urine that was MORE or LESS concentrated with urea than a normal individual? d) Would a person that has diabetes mellitus have a higher or lower amount of glucose in their blood? Multiple Choice 19. Aspirin inhibits the action of platelets. Because of this, individuals who are about to undergo surgery are advised against taking any aspirin. Which of the following will be most likely to occur if a surgery patient takes aspirin? a) blood vessels become weaker and will break more easily b) blood will not be able to clot properly c) blood will become thicker and flow slower d) blood pressure increases 20. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mostly in the from of: a) CO2 bound to hemoglobin c) CO2 gas in the plasma b) HCO3- in the plasma d) HCO3- in the red blood cell 21. An organism that has very thin walls in its body and has no circulatory system is probably most likely: a) An arthropod c) A cnidarian b) A fish d) An annelid 22. Which of the following would cause the greatest increase in the rate of respiration of a human? a) Decrease in oxygen in the environment c) An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood b) An increase in hemoglobin production d) The release of vasopressin from the hypothalamus 23. What is the appropriate order of blood flow in a human? a) left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, right ventricle, right atrium b) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle c) left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle d) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, left ventricle, left atrium 24. Which order is appropriate for a portion of the path of sperm in a male? a) prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra c) testicle, bladder, seminal vesicle b) testicle, vas deferens, urethra d) scrotum, testicle, oviduct 25. Which order do developmental stages proceed in? a) cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis b) gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis c) cleavage, organogenesis, gastrulation d) gastrulation, organogenesis, cleavage 26. When a woman becomes pregnant, her body receives the proper hormonal signals to maintain the proper environment for the embryo. Which of the following does NOT occur when a woman becomes pregnant? a) a surge of LH and FSH causes ovulation to occur b) the corpus luteum is maintained and continues to produce progesterone c) the endometrium remains thick d) HCG is released by the embryo 27. You take a sample of mesoderm tissue from a developing frog embryo to study it. Which of the following is NOT a tissue or organ that develops from mesoderm? a) cardiac muscle c) skin b) bones d) blood 28. Cytokines are molecules that: a) regulate immune system activities. b) destroy infected host cells by lysing them. c) are secreted from B cells to bind to antigens and inactivate the antigen d) are part of the blood’s “complement system” 29. B cells are produced in the: a) thymus b) lymph nodes c) bone marrow d) spleen 30. All of the following occur in red blood cells EXCEPT a) hemoglobin carries oxygen c) CO2 is converted into bicarbonate b) bicarbonate is converted into CO2 d) proteins for blood clotting are stored 31. All of the following are true about fetal hemoglobin EXCEPT a) It is a protein b) It has a lower attraction to oxygen than adult hemoglobin c) It is coded for by a gene d) It does not cross into the mother's red blood cells 32. The digestive system includes each of the following EXCEPT a) Gall bladder b) Liver c) Kidney d) Small intestine 33. Which of the following female reproductive organs is involved in the process of ovulation? a) uterus b) vagina c) ovary d) clitoris 34. During puberty, which of the following hormones causes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males? a) oxytocin b) progesterone c) estrogen d) testosterone 35. Which of the following male reproductive organs is responsible for the production of sperm? a) Cowper's glands b) Penis c) Vas deferens d) Testes OTHER STUDY MATERIALS -> - QUIZZES FOR ANIMAL SYSTEMS -PHYSIOLOGY PROBLEM SETS (Answer keys available online)