Download Rise of Totalitarian Governments in Europe

Rise of Totalitarian Governments in Europe
Ch. 28 sections 3, 4 & 5
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The political and social unrest that followed World War I helped totalitarian dictators rise to power in
Europe.
Totalitarian State
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A form of government
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Single-party dictatorship with blind obedience to a charismatic single leader.
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State control of the economy.
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Use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state.
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Government control of the media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens through propaganda.
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Use of schools and youth organizations to spread ideology to children.
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Strict censorship of artist and intellectuals with dissenting opinions
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Conflicting Forces in Japan
Conflicting Forces in Japan Ch. 27 Sec.5
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Emperor Hirohito
On the Rise in 1920s
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Moved toward greater prosperity and democracy
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Economic growth during WWI
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Industrial production grew
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Annexed Korea as a colony in 1910
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Sought further rights in China•
Twenty-One Demands
Liberal Changes in 1920s
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Political parties grew stronger
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Members of the Diet exercised their power
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All adult men won right to vote
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Some changes for women (suffrage granted 1945)
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Political Parties became manipulated by zaibatsu
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Moderate Japanese slowed foreign expansion
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1922: Signed treaty to limit size of navy
Problems below the surface
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Rural peasants did not share in nation’s wealth
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Cities: factory workers paid low wages
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Poverty drew them to socialist ideas of Marx/Lenin
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Tensions between political and military leaders
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Many highs and lows during 1920s
Nationalist Reaction
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1929: Great Depression
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Disaster fed discontent among military and ultranationalists
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Nationalist further outraged by immigration policies by US, Canada, & Australia
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Nationalist suggested expansion to Asia for raw materials- Manchuria becomes their target
Manchurian Incident
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1931: provoked an incident to seize Manchuria
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Set up a puppet state known as Manzhouguo
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Japan withdrew from League of Nations for being condemned
Militarists in Power
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1930s: ultranationalists winning support for foreign conquests and a stand against Western powers
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Extreme nationalists assassinated a number of politicians
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Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government
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1937: Civilian government survived, but accepted military dominance
More Expansion in China
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1930s: Japan took advantage of China’s civil war
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Expected to take complete control in a few years
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1936: allied with Germany and Italy- signed the Tripartite Pact in Sept. 1940
WWII broke out 1939
Fascism in Italy Section 3
Fascism
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Is Latin for fasces, a bundle of sticks wrapped around an axe
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Roman symbol for unity and strength
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Term used to describe any centralized authoritarian gov’t that is not communism.
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It’s policy glorify the state over the individual and is destructive to basic human rights
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The political ideology was given its name by Benito Mussolini
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Unlike Marxism it did not have an underlying theory or doctrine
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Between the 1920’s and 30’s it meant different things in different countries
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All forms shared basic features
1. Authority under a dictator
2. Extreme Nationalism
3. Glorified Actions of violence and discipline
4. Blind loyalty to the State
5. Pursued foreign policy of aggressive expansion.
6. Racism “Survival of the fittest”
7. Glorified Warfare
8. Stringent socio-economic control
9. Suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship
10. A society with defined classes
11. Dislike of Socialist & Communist
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
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After World War I, new ideas about government power promoted by Benito Mussolini led to drastic change
in the Italian government.
Black Shirts
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They organize into “combat squads”, They become known as the “Black Shirts” due to their uniforms
March on Rome
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Fascists were a significant force in Italian politics, 1922.
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In a show of force tens of thousands Black Shirts swarmed towards the capital the “March on Rome”
demanding the government make changes.
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Fear of a civil war King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to become Prime Minister and form a new
government.
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Mussolini entered the city triumphantly on October 30, 1922.
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He obtained a nominally legal, constitutional appointment from the king.
Mussolini’s Changes
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Mussolini moved to establish dictatorship.
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By 1925, he assumed more power and taken the title “Il Duce”.
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1929, he receives support from Pope Pius XI in return for recognizing Vatican City as an independent state.
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The Lateran Treaty also made Roman Catholicism the official religion of Italy
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Tried to influence Italians’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors
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Used propaganda to promote Italy’s greatness
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Established festivals, holidays to remind Italians of proud Roman heritage
Invasion of Ethiopia
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Mussolini set out to make Italy strong military power.
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Looked for easy target, settled on Ethiopia.
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Ethiopia had two serious disadvantages, located between two Italian colonies, military ill-equipped.
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Italian forces crushed Ethiopia, 1935.
League of Nations’ reaction
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Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed to League to take action against Italy’s aggression.
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No nation willing to get involved, to risk another world war.
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League placed economic sanctions on Italy, took no real action.
The Soviet Union under Stalin Section 4
Change in Leadership
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January 21, 1924 Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin died.
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He was the one of the leaders of Russian Revolution (1917)
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1st leader of the U.S.S.R, Russian Soviet Socialist Union, formed in 1922.
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Tens of thousands lined up around Red Square to view Lenin.
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Communist party officials preserve his body and put it on permanent display.
Joseph Stalin
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After a power struggle with in the Party, Stalin is named General Secretary of the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union on April 3, 1922.
Leon Trotsky
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Born Lev Davidovich Bronstein in, Ukraine, the son of a prosperous Jewish farmer.
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At age 17 joined the Social Democrats. Jailed in 1898 for being a Marxist, escaped to England in 1902
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He befriend Lenin while in London and was a leader during the several different revolution
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Leon Trotsky became his pen-name.
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He developed and led the Red Army.
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Was one of the first editors of the Soviet newspaper Pravda ("Truth")
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Some felt that he would lead after the death of Lenin, but he had few friends, due to the fact that he was
arrogant, and maybe because he was Jewish.
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Leon Trotsky built the Red Army with the power of his personality and little else.
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Fearing the loyal following by the people and the Red Army, Stalin could not kill him outright; he was
banished to Siberia and then deported.
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Trotsky had a hard time finding a place to stay, due to the communist scare. He eventually finds a place in
Mexico with an artist friend.
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August 20, 1940, Stalin sent an assassin, Trotsky died the next day
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But when you're on the outs with Stalin, you get erased even from
historical photographs! When Trotsky fell out of favor, he was dropped from the photo
as well as many others photos by Soviet censors. Such retouching was a common occurrence during Stalin's
reign. — And this was before Photoshop®!
Different Approach
 Karl Marx predicted state would wither away under communism
 Stalin took different approach, worked to return Soviet Union to totalitarian state, controlling all Soviet life.
Totalitarian Rule
Cult of Personality
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Portraits of Stalin decorated public places, creating heroic, idealized image.
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Streets, towns renaming in Stalin’s honor, created cult of personality.
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By ruthlessly removing opposition, Stalin gained stranglehold over society.
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Children encouraged to join youth organizations, taught attitudes, beliefs.
The Five-Year Plans
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Major part of Stalin’s plan to strengthen communism, modernization of economy.
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Reflected Soviet system of central planning.
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Government makes major decisions about production of goods.
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First Five-Year Plan began 1928; factories and mines had production goals.
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Differs from capitalist economic system, where market forces are major influences on production.
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Plans did lead to increases in Soviet industrial output.
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During first two Five-Year Plans, oil production doubled, coal and steel production quadrupled.
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Demands on Soviet workers were high.
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All children were required to attend state run schools and outside activities.
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State also provided free medical, day care for children, inexpensive housing and public recreation.
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Even with all this people lacked vital necessities. Housing was scare even though massive apartment
complexes were built; entire families were crammed into one room.
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Bread was plentiful, but there was little meat, fresh fruits and vegetables.
Collectivization and Famine
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Stalin believed millions of small, individually owned Soviet farms would be more productive if combined into
larger, mechanized farms called Collectives.
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He tried to take land back given to peasants after Russian Revolution.
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Executed thousands, sent more to Siberian system of labor camps, called the Gulag.
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Resistance continued, particularly in the Ukraine.
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Terror Famine, Stalin refused to send food during 1932 famine; millions starved to death.
Peasant Reaction
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Peasants resisted by killing animals, destroying tools and burning crops.
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Stalin responded violently.
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Stalin blamed the kulaks or the wealthy farmers; in 1929 he declared that he would liquidate the entire
class.
Political Purges
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Stalin, absolute power, but feared people plotting against him.
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In 1934 he campaign called Great Purge, to get rid of people, things undesirable.
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During Great Purge, thousands executed, sent to the Gulag.
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The purges increased his power. Everyone was aware of the consequences of disloyalty.
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He purged many experts and some of the most talented writers and thinkers. Also included most of the
military leaders and half of its military officers.
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This will weigh heavily on him in 1941 with Germany's invasion.
War on Religion
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They felt the Russian Orthodox Church had supported the Tsar.
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15 Roman Catholic priests were charged with teaching counter-revolutionary ideas to the youth.
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They seized Jewish synagogues and banned the use of Hebrew.
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Islam was strongly discouraged.
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Churches were turned into offices or museums
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According to the ideas of Marx’s atheism or the belief that there is no God.
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Communist replaced religion with its own ideology
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Sacred writings were Marx and Lenin
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Shrines, such as the tomb of Lenin
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During WWII Stalin suddenly become a great friend of religion when he allowed to open churches for
religious use during war.
Soviet Foreign Policy
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Unlike Fascism, Communist tried to spread their political doctrine worldwide
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In 1919, Lenin formed Communist International or Comintern, its purpose aide revolutionary groups around
the world and to rise up against imperialist powers.
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Propaganda against capitalism and western powers made other countries highly suspicious.
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In the 1920’s fear of Bolshevik plots and Communism led to the “Red Scare” in the United States.
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In 1926, Britain broke off relations after a strike tried to turn into a revolution.
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In 1934, the Soviets joined the League of Nations; however mistrust still poisoned relations especially after
the Great Purge.
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany Section 5
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Germany underwent great changes after World War I. Like Mussolini and Stalin. Adolph Hitler rose to
power during a time of conflict & political instability
Postwar Germany
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In 1919, Germany formed new democratic government. Weimar Republic
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Extremely unpopular
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They wrote a new constitution, setting up a parliamentary system led by a chancellor or Reichskanzler
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They gave women the right to vote and attached a bill of rights
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In 1926, they were admitted to the League of Nations
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Treaty
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of Versailles
the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates;
the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France;
cession of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Memel to Lithuania, the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia,
Poznania, parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland;
Danzig to become a free city;
plebiscites to be held in northern Schleswig to settle the Danish-German frontier;
occupation and special status for the Saar under French control;
demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland;
German reparations of £6,600 million;
a ban on the union of Germany and Austria;
an acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war;
provision for the trial of the former Kaiser and other war leaders;
limitation of Germany's army to 100,000 men with no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no poisongas supplies, no aircraft and no airships;
14. the limitation of the German Navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with no submarines;
Political Struggles
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Germans blamed the Republic for humiliating Versailles Treaty.
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It was weak due to the many small political parties, from the extreme left to the extreme right and
everything in between.
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Made it hard for the chancellor to form a coalition government.
Economy
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Blamed Weimar Republic for economic problems others blamed the Jews
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Inflation soared
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German mark virtually worthless
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Savings wiped out
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Depression brought more chaos
Ruhr Valley
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Large coal and steel region
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1923, Germany failed to make payments, France occupied the region.
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Too support striking workers, Germany printed more money, causing inflation
Hitler’s Early Career
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Born Austria 1889
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At the age of 18 he moved to Vienna.
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Served in German army World War I and was awarded the Iron Cross twice.
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Soon joined the Nazi Party, as the 55th member.
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Discovered he had knack for public speaking, leadership
Nazism
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The German brand of fascism
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National Socialist German Workers or Nazi
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The party adopted the swastika or hooked cross as it’s symbol
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Private militia called storm troopers or Brown shirts
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Hitler was given the title der Führer or leader early on.
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Like Italy’s “March on Rome” they tried to seize power in Munich in 1923.
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The leaders were arrested, Hitler served nine months
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Hitler wrote a book while in prison, describing his major political beliefs
Mein Kampf or “My Struggle”
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Becomes the basic ideology and goals for the Nazi Party
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Nationalism, living space/Lebensraum, and racial superiority of German people, Aryans
Hitler gains power
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In less than a year out of prison, he resumed his attempt to gain power
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The U.S. due to the Great Depression in the quit making loans to foreign countries and called for the
repayment of prior loans
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This lead to civil unrest broke out
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Economic effects of the Depression helped party membership grow to almost a million
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Germans desperate for strong leader to improve lives, by 1932, 6 million people were unemployed
Promises
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His programs appealed to the veterans, lower middle classes, small town business people and others
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He promised to create jobs, defy the treaty by end reparations, re-arming Germany and regaining lost land.
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Talk of mighty German empire, master race, (Aryans) and Lebensraum won supporters
Nazi Party Gains Strength
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Many Germans wanted to believe Hitler’s words were true
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Nazis continued to gain strength and by 1932 was the largest party
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The only party able to control the local Communist Party
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According to the constitution Hitler was appointed chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg , Jan. 1933
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Most powerful post in German government
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Hitler then called for new elections hoping to gain more seats in the Parliament.
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Six days prior to the elections fire destroyed the Reichstag building where parliament met.
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•The Communists were blamed, stirring up a greater fear of them, but it was probably set by Nazis
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The Nazis & supporters gained a small majority in the election over Communist
Hitler Controls Germany
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Began to crush opposition
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Many opponents arrested, others intimidated by Nazi thugs
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Cult of personality built up glorifying Hitler as the Führer, “leader”
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Nazi youth organizations shaped minds of young Germans
Enabling Acts
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Passed by the Reichstag in March, 1933, signed by Pres. Hindenburg.
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Was to be in effect for four years.
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It gave Hitler absolute power,
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He destroyed the Socialist and Communist and banned all other political parties
Other New Laws
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Took control of the economy
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Banned all strikes and labor unions
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Gave authority over business and labor
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Suspended civil rights
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To control the churches, He combined all protestant churches into one state church. He closed all Catholic
schools and threatened the Clergy
Totalitarian State
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Germany became a one-party state
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Like Stalin, Hitler purged his own party brutally executing anyone he felt was disloyal.
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Gestapo or a secret Nazi police force was created in 1934, they carried out acts of terror shocking most
Germans into complete obedience
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He created the elite black-uniformed unit called the SS or Schutzstaffel, a protection squad
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According to Hitler’s, his new Third Reich, the German master race would last one thousand years.
Hitler’s Programs
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Began to rebuild German military
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Improved German economy
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Strict wage controls, massive government spending, reduced unemployment
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Much spending for rearmament
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Also new public buildings, roads
German Life
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Hitler wanted to control every aspect of German’s life.
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He censured the press turning it into a propaganda tool. This included the press, radio, films, literature, and
artwork.
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Books considered “un-German” were burned in huge bonfires. Including Remarque’s “All Quiet on the
Western Front”
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Nazi Anti-Semitism
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A key component of the Nazi system was strong anti-Semitic beliefs. Anti-Semitism is hostility toward or
prejudice against Jews.
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Hitler blamed Jews for many of German’s problems, including its defeat in World War I, even though they
were less than 1% of the German population
Long History
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Anti-Semitism had long history in largely Christian Europe
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Nazi anti-Semitism combined this with false beliefs that Jews were separate race, (Social Darwinism)
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Combined religious prejudice with hatred based on ancestry not religious beliefs, one of your grandparents
was Jewish, and you were considered Jewish.
Nuremberg Laws
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Many laws passed excluding Jews from mainstream German life
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1935 Nuremberg Laws created separate legal status for Jews
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Eliminated citizenship, civil and property rights
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Right to work was limited
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Many Jewish business were forced to closed after the new laws
Attacks on Jews
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Nazis mounted more direct
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Nov. 9 and 10, 1938, anti-Jewish riots across Germany and Austria
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Attack known as Kristallnacht, Night of Broken Glass
– Nearly 100 Jews killed
– Thousands of Jewish businesses, places of worship damaged, destroyed
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But greater horrors yet to come
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Hitler’s Germany about to lead world into history’s bloodiest war
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