Download CALC3

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NPV
NPV Function
Purpose:
Computes the net present value of a stream of flows, at a
specified discount rate, and returns the result to the
current cell or formula.
Format:
NPV(.12,A1:A20)
Rate specified as value
NPV(A1,B1:E1)
Rate in another cell
NPV(A1/100,B1:E1)
Rate specified as formula
Remarks:
The first operand of the NPV function is the discount
rate. It may be a value, a cell reference, or a formula.
The interval between the stream of flows must be
constant, and determined by the rate; i.e. if the flows
are annual, use an annual discount rate. If the flows are
monthly, use a monthly discount rate.
The second operand of the NPV function is a range of
contiguous cells, which contains the stream of flows.
Example:
A client has an annual income of $40,000 and he expects
it to increase 5% annually. Make a spreadsheet showing
his annual income for the next ten years, total income
for ten years, and net present value of the total income,
assuming an annual discount rate of 8%:
A1:
A2:
A3-A10:
A12:
A13:
40000
A1*1.05
/R A2 A3:A10 (adjust - Y)
SUM(A1:A10)
NPV(.08,A1:A10)
Cell A13 will contain the net present value of the ten
years' income. For larger spreadsheets using NPV several
times, it is a good idea to put the discount in another
cell, so it can be easily changed without having to enter
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NPV
the formulas again. In the example above, make these two
changes:
B1:
A13:
.08
NPV(B1,A1:A10)
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PAGE
PAGE Function
Purpose:
Advances a printed spreadsheet to a new page. Optional
operand allows conditional page break.
Format:
PAGE
Advances to next page after
printing current line
PAGE(3)
Advances to next page if there
are fewer than three lines left
on the current page
Remarks:
When PAGE is entered into a cell, it displays as [PAGE]
on the screen. When PAGE(n) is entered, [PAGE(n)] is
displayed on the screen. The value n must be a positive
integer between 0 and 99. It cannot be a cell reference
or formula.
When a spreadsheet is printed, a line count is kept
internally, to count the number of lines printed on a
page. When this line counter reaches its maximum (the
"lines per page" value specified in /Print), a "page
break" occurs. At page break time, the following things
happen:
* If footings are specified, paper is advanced to the
footing area, and footings are printed
* A form feed is sent to the printer, to advance to top
of page
* If Pause option is specified, a message is given to
press ENTER to print the next page
* Line counter is reset to zero
* If Border option is specified, top borders are printed
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PAGE
* If headings are specified, they are printed, and the
line counter is incremented accordingly
When PAGE is encountered during printing, the line it
appears in is printed first, then the steps listed above
are followed.
When PAGE(n) is encountered during printing, the line it
appears in is printed first, then the current line count
is compared to n. If there is not enough room on the page
for n more lines, the page break steps listed above are
followed. If there is enough room, the PAGE(n) function
is ignored.
Note that PAGE(n) refers to the next n lines. The current
line PAGE or PAGE(n) appears in is printed on the
current page.
PAGE and PAGE(n) can be the second or third operands in
an IF function, allowing page breaks to be even further
controlled by data in the spreadsheet. The PAGE function
cannot be used in a formula.
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PAGE
Example:
A spreadsheet lists an employee, then has five lines of
information about that employee. If the bottom of the
page is approaching, we don't want to print only one or
two lines of data on the current page, then print the
last four or five lines on the next page. By adding a
PAGE(5) function ahead of each employee, all five of
their lines will always appear on the same page. The
screen might look like this:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
98
A
[PAGE(5)]
Employee A
[PAGE(5)]
Employee B
B
- line
line
line
line
line
C
1
2
3
4
5
- line 1
- line 2
(etc.)
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PAYMENT
PAYMENT Function
Purpose:
Computes the payment amount per period for a given
principal amount, rate and number of periods. (See also
PRINCIPAL, RATE and PERIODS functions.)
Format:
PAYMENT(principal,rate,periods)
Remarks:
PAYMENT(1000,.01,12)
Returns 88.85
PAYMENT(A1,.18/12,36)
If A1 is 1000, returns 36.16
PAYMENT(B1,100,A1*2/A5)
Resolves the formula, then
computes the payment
PAYMENT(x,y,z) can be entered into a cell, or the
PAYMENT function can be used in a formula.
All three operands must be specified. The rate operand
is the rate per period. The period length needs to be
consistent; i.e. in the first example above, the term is
twelve months, so the rate is a monthly rate, and
the payment amount returned is the payment per month.
One note on amortizations: as the truth-in-lending laws
so vividly indicate, there are many ways to amortize. If
CALC comes up with a different answer than your bank,
it may be because of their compounding method, or because
of rounding. Generally, CALC's calculation method is
mathematically sound, and yields the same result as an
interest amortization table.
Example:
A local used car dealer offers a time-payment plan. A
$5,000 car requires no down payment, and requires 36
monthly payments at 18% annual interest. Compute the
monthly payment. In any cell, enter:
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PAYMENT
PAYMENT(5000,.18/12,36)
The cell displays 180.77, which is the monthly payment.
The interest rate of .18 was an annual rate, so we used
.18/12 for the monthly rate.
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PERIODS
PERIODS Function
Purpose:
Computes the term of a loan (number of periods) for a
given principal amount, payment and interest rate. (See
also PRINCIPAL, PAYMENT and RATE functions.)
Format:
PERIODS(principal,payment,rate)
PERIODS(1000,88.85,.01)
Returns 12
Remarks:
PERIODS(A1,36.16,.18/12)
If A1 is 1000, returns 36
PERIODS(B1,100,A1*2/A5)
Resolves the formula, then
computes the periods
PERIODS(x,y,z) can be entered into a cell, or the
PERIODS function can be used in a formula. TERM is an
alternate name for the PERIODS function.
All three operands must be specified. The rate operand
is the rate per period. The payment and rate need to be
consistent; i.e. in the first example above, the rate is
a monthly rate, and the payment amount is monthly, so the
number returned is the number of months.
One note on amortizations: as the truth-in-lending laws
so vividly indicate, there are many ways to amortize. If
CALC comes up with a different answer than your bank,
it may be because of their compounding method, or because
of rounding. Generally, CALC's calculation method is
mathematically sound, and yields the same result as an
interest amortization table.
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PERIODS
Example:
A local used car dealer offers a time-payment plan. A
$5,000 car requires no down payment, and has monthly
payments of 180.77 at 18% annual interest. Compute the
number of months of payments. In any cell, enter:
PERIODS(5000,180.77,.18/12)
The cell displays 36, which is the number of months. The
interest rate of .18 was an annual rate, so we used
.18/12 for the monthly rate.
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PRINCIPAL
PRINCIPAL Function
Purpose:
Computes the principal amount for a given payment amount,
interest rate and number of periods. (See also PAYMENT,
RATE and PERIODS functions.)
Format:
PRINCIPAL(payment,rate,period)
Remarks:
PRINCIPAL(88.85,.01,12)
Returns 1000
PRINCIPAL(A1,.18/12,36)
If A1 is 36.16, returns 1000
PRINCIPAL(B1,100,A1*2/A5)
Resolves the formula, then
computes the principal
PRINCIPAL(x,y,z) can be entered into a cell, or the
PRINCIPAL function can be used in a formula. This
function can also be spelled PRINCIPLE.
All three operands must be specified. The payment, rate
and periods need to be consistent; i.e. in the first
example above, the rate is a monthly rate, the payment
amount is monthly, and the periods are months.
One note on amortizations: as the truth-in-lending laws
so vividly indicate, there are many ways to amortize. If
CALC comes up with a different answer than your bank,
it may be because of their compounding method, or because
of rounding. Generally, CALC's calculation method is
mathematically sound, and yields the same result as an
interest amortization table.
Example:
A local used car dealer offers a time-payment plan. A
car requires no down payment, and has monthly payments of
180.77 for 36 months at 18% annual interest. Compute the
purchase price of the car. In any cell, enter:
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PRINCIPAL
PRINCIPAL(180.77,.18/12,36)
The cell displays 5000 which is the principal amount, or
purchase price of the car. Note that the interest rate of
.18 was annual, so we used .18/12 for the monthly rate.
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PRINT
PRINT Command (/P)
Purpose:
Prints a hard copy of the spreadsheet on the printer.
Prompts:
Enter /P and you will be prompted:
Enter range to be printed (or ENTER for all).
The word ALL appears on the entry line. To print
complete spreadsheet, press ENTER. To print only
the spreadsheet, type the coordinates as a range
example: A1:G15), then press ENTER or comma. The
prompt is:
the
part of
(for
next
Enter page width (number of columns across printer).
The number 80 will appear on the entry line. If the
printer is set up to accomodate an eighty-character
printout, just press ENTER. Otherwise, enter the width of
the printer page. The next prompt is:
Enter page length (number of lines per page).
The number 58 will appear on the entry line. If you are
printing on normal eleven-inch paper, at six lines per
inch, press ENTER. Otherwise, figure out how many lines
will print on a page and enter it. The next prompt is:
D=dbl space, S=setup, P=pause, C=contents, M=mult copies
B=border, O=offset, T=top margin, H=headings, F=footings
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PRINT
If no special options are desired, press ENTER. Otherwise
enter one or more option characters:
D
S
P
C
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Double space the printout.
Prompt for printer setup codes. (Details below.)
Pause after printing each page.
Print contents and attributes of cells.
M
B
O
T
H
F
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Print multiple copies of the report (default 1).
Display row and column borders on the printed copy.
Override default left margin width (default 7).
Override default top margin height (default 2).
Prompt for heading line range.
Prompt for footing line range.
The last prompt from the Print command is:
Printer or Disk.
Specify P to send the output directly to the printer. If
D is specified, you are prompted:
Enter the file name.
Enter a valid MSDOS file name, and the printed output
will be written to a file by that name. You can print it
later with the MSDOS "COPY filename PRN:" command,
or access it with your word processor for further
editing.
Remarks:
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CALC prints an output page only as wide as the
specified "page width". When the spreadsheet has been
completely printed for that width, CALC checks to
see if some of your spreadsheet was not printed. If so,
CALC makes a second pass, printing the right-hand
side of the spreadsheet. If it is extremely wide, then
CALC continues making passes through the spreadsheet
until it is all printed. These pages can then be attached
to produce a wide spreadsheet on a narrow printer.
PRINT
When CALC asks for the "page width" (number of
columns across the printer), it is asking for a width
that:
1. your printer is physically capable of printing;
2. won't run off the right edge of the paper; and
3. takes character size into account.
Since CALC has no way of determining any of these
three factors, it needs some help. If your printer is
capable of printing only 80 characters in 10 cpi mode,
and you specify a page width of 96, CALC sends
96 characters at a time to the printer. The effect is a
"double-spaced" report, with the data from the right side
of the report "wrapped around" onto a second line. If a
page width of 80 had been specified, CALC would print
the left 80 characters of the report, then skip to a new
page and print the rest of the characters. The two pages
can then be taped together as a wide report.
PRINTER SETUP
There are hundreds of brands of printers, and most of
them have their own unique code structure for setting
options such as characters per inch, lines per inch,
double-wide, and so forth. The standard version of
CALC is configured for the IBM/Epson printer, because
more than 65% of the CALC users have an Epson or
compatible. The /Configure option supports three other
brands of printers, which account for another 20% of
CALC users. Generic support for other printers has
been provided in the .PRO configuration options of
CALC. The section titled Customizing CALC
gives more information. In addition, there is the "Setup"
option of the /Print command. If "S" was specified above,
the following prompt is given next:
Enter printer setup codes, then ENTER.
For some printers, the setup codes have been built into
CALC's /Configure routines. The standard diskette
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PRINT
comes configured for Epson (IBM) printers. The setup
prompt will have a second line saying:
Epson printers: "A"=10 cpi, "B"=12 cpi, "C"=17 cpi.
If your CALC has been configured for another printer,
that printer's name will appear instead of Epson. If the
named printer matches your printer, you can alternately
enter the letters A, B or C to set your printer spacing
to 10, 12 or 17 characters per inch, respectively.
If CALC has not been configured for your printer, you
can still send setup codes to the printer. Just Press any
key (other than A, B or C) at this time, and its ASCII
value will be sent directly to the printer. For example,
if the sequence "ESC,M" sets your printer to twelve
characters per inch, press the Escape key, then the
capital M. When all the setup codes have been entered,
press ENTER.
Some printer setup codes are special ASCII characters. If
you need to send an ASCII 15 to your printer, for
example, there are two ways to do this:
1. Hold down CTRL and press O (the letter). CTRL-O at
the keyboard generates ASCII 15. (O is the 15th letter
of the alphabet. CTRL-A generates ASCII 1, etc.)
2. Hold down the ALT key, and type the number you want
sent on the numeric keypad. For example, to send an
ASCII 15, hold down ALT, press the one then the five
key, and let go of ALT. An ASCII 15 is sent. Be sure
to type the number on the numeric keypad, and not on
the numeric row across the top of the keyboard.
There are two other methods for getting setup codes to
your printer. The easiest way is to just type the special
codes into a text string at the beginning of your
spreadsheet. Type a quotation mark, then type the codes,
using either of the methods above (Ctrl key or Alt key).
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PRINT
Another method is the TRANSLATE PRINT x TO yyy
configuration option in the .PRO file. See the section
titled Customizing CALC for more information.
Example:
EXAMPLE #1: The spreadsheet is only four columns wide,
and 99 lines long. No options are required. Enter:
/P (ENTER) (ENTER) (ENTER) (ENTER) (ENTER) (ENTER)
By pressing ENTER on all six prompts, you tell
CALC to use its defaults for all prompts:
* The entire spreadsheet is printed.
* The page width is 80 characters, which is adequate
for this narrow spreadsheet.
* The page length default is 58 lines printed per
page.
* Borders are not printed, because the B option was
not specified.
* The printout is single spaced.
* There is a 7 character left margin (page offset).
* There is a two space top margin (two blank lines
are printed at the top of each page).
* One copy of the spreadsheet is printed.
* No headings or footings are printed.
* The output goes directly to the printer.
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PRINT
EXAMPLE #2: The spreadsheet is 230 characters wide. The
printer has wide paper in it, and with compressed print
can print 232 characters across. The report is to be
double-spaced. Enter:
/P 232,,DO (ENTER)
Since you entered an option of "O", CALC prompts for
a page offset. Enter 2. Since the printer will only
handle 232 characters, and the spreadsheet is 230
characters wide, you can only afford a two character left
margin. If you didn't change the offset, the last five
characters of the spreadsheet would print on a second
page.
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QUIT
QUIT Command (/Q)
Purpose:
Exits from CALC to the operating system.
Prompts:
If the spreadsheet currently in memory has not been
saved, it will be lost. Use the Save Command (/S) to save
the spreadsheet before exiting. To prevent accidental
loss of a spreadsheet, CALC asks for confirmation if
data has been altered in the spreadsheet area:
The current spreadsheet was changed but not saved.
Enter Y to quit. Enter N to return to spreadsheet.
Enter S to save spreadsheet.
If "S" is entered, control is passed to the /Save
command.
Remarks:
Normally CALC returns to DOS after /Q. However,
there is a .PRO file option called ON EXIT RUN program
which invokes an .EXE file on exit from CALC. See
the section titled "Customizing CALC" for more
information.
Example:
You have saved the current spreadsheet and want to exit
so you can run another program. Enter:
/Q
Since you just saved the spreadsheet, and have made no
further changes on it, CALC ends. The screen is
cleared, and at the top of the screen is the DOS
prompt:
A>
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RANDOM
RANDOM Function
Purpose:
Returns a random number between zero and one.
Format:
RANDOM
Remarks:
This function is useful in some statistical applications
and in sequencing events randomly, such as in scheduling
sporting events.
Returns a random number
between 0 and 1
To compute a random number in the range 0 to 25, put 25
into A1, then enter the following formula in another
cell:
INT(RANDOM * (A1+1))
To compute a random number between 0 and n (any positive
integer), enter n in A1 and use the formula above.
Example:
EXAMPLE #1: Compute a random number between 1 and 52.
This number might identify the week in a year, or it
might identify a card in a deck of cards. Enter the
following formula in any cell:
INT(RANDOM * (51+1)) + 1
EXAMPLE #2: A spreadsheet contains a list of sporting
events, listed one per line in lines 5 to 50. We want to
randomly sort them. Start by entering:
RANDOM * 1000
in cell F5, then replicate the formula from F5 to F6:F50.
Now use the /Arrange command to sort F5:F50. It doesn't
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RANDOM
matter if the sort is ascending or descending, and no
options are required, so just type:
/A C F5:F50 (ENTER) (ENTER)
and the lines are sorted in a random sequence.
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RATE
RATE Function
Purpose:
Computes an interest rate for a given principal amount,
payment and number of periods. (See also PRINCIPAL,
PAYMENT and PERIODS functions.)
Format:
RATE(principal,payment,term)
Remarks:
RATE(1000,88.85,12)
Returns .01 (1% rate)
RATE(A1,36.16,36) * 12
If A1 contains 1000, returns
.18 (18% rate)
RATE(B1,100,A1*2/A5)
Resolves the formula, then
computes the rate
RATE(x,y,z) can be entered into a cell, or the RATE
function can be used in a formula. INTEREST is an
alternate name for the RATE function.
All three operands must be specified. The payment operand
is the payment per period. The period length needs to be
consistent; i.e. in the first example above, the term is
twelve months, so the payment is a monthly payment, and
the interest rate returned is the rate per month,
compounded monthly.
One note on amortizations: as the truth-in-lending laws
so vividly indicate, there are many ways to compute
interest. If CALC comes up with a different answer
than your bank, it may be because of their compounding
method, or because of rounding. Generally, CALC's
calculation method is mathematically sound, and yields
the same result as an interest amortization table.
Example:
A local used car dealer offers a time-payment plan. A
$5,000 car requires no down payment, and has monthly
payments of $180.77 per month for 36 months. Compute
the effective interest rate. In any cell, enter:
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RATE
RATE(5000,180.77,36) * 12
The cell displays .18, indicating the interest rate is 18
percent. Formatting the cell for three decimal places
shows the number as .180, so it is exactly 18%.
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REPLICATE
REPLICATE Command (/R)
Purpose:
Copies data from a cell, a row, a column, a range of rows,
a range of columns, or a block of cells to another range
of cells, and optionally adjusts the cell coordinates in
formulas. The format attributes such as decimals, commas,
etc. are copied along with the data. This powerful
command allows cells to be replicated over and over, with
formulas adjusted, saving considerable data entry.
Prompts:
Enter /R and you are prompted:
Enter the "from" range.
Examples: A5
G
22
B:J
5:12
A2:J20
As the examples show, you may enter a single cell, a
single column, a range of columns, a single line, a range
of lines, or a block of cells. The next prompt is:
Enter the "to" range.
Once again, enter a single cell, a single column, a range
of columns, a single line, a range of lines, or a block of
cells. If your ranges are valid, the data is moved from
the "from" range to the "to" range. If a formula is
encountered in the "from" range, an adjustment message is
given for each of the variables in the formula. For
example:
Replicating cell A5. Adjust A3
Y or N? (or A for all)
This sample message says that in the "from" cell A5 it
found a formula. That formula contained a reference to
A3. If you reply Y to this message, each replication is
adjusted so A3 becomes A4, then A5, then A6, etc. If you
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REPLICATE
reply N to this message, all replications refer to A3,
unchanged. See the examples below for more information.
Remarks:
A single cell may be replicated to a group of contiguous
cells, either across a row or down a column. Specify the
single cell as the "from" cell, then specify the range of
"to" cells, either across a row or down a column.
A group of contiguous cells may be replicated to another
group of cells. If the "from" group are all in a row,
then the "to" group must either be all in a row, or they
must be a "block" of cells. To illustrate the latter
case, consider this example:
A
1
2
3
4
5
Sales
CGS
Gross
B
Qtr 1
C
Qtr 2
D
Qtr 3
E
Qtr 4
(from)
(from)
(from)
(to)
(to)
(to)
(to)
(to)
(to)
(to)
(to)
(to)
Values or formulas have been entered into column B for
the first quarter, and now you want to replicate those
formulas to the next three quarters. To accomplish this,
enter:
/R B3:B5,C3:E5 (ENTER)
The "from" range, B3:B5 is replicated to each of the
columns C, D and E. In this example each of the values in
B3 through B5 are copied to the three adjacent columns.
If there are any formulas in B3:B5, CALC asks
for adjustment (see example below).
The replicate command may be used to copy values,
formulas or text without adjustment. Just reply "N" to
any "adjust" messages.
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REPLICATE
Example:
EXAMPLE #1: Referring to the example above in the
Remarks section, let's look at the contents of each cell.
Suppose the contents prior to replicating are:
A
1
2
3
4
5
Sales
CGS
Gross
B
Qtr 1
C
Qtr 2
D
Qtr 3
E
Qtr 4
250000
B3*.7
B3-B4
Performing the replicate command discussed earlier:
/R B3:B5,C3:E5 (ENTER)
causes the contents of B3, B4 and B5 to be copied to
the next three columns. But in the process of copying,
CALC issues three messages:
Replicating cell B4. Adjust B3
Replicating cell B5. Adjust B3
Replicating cell B5. Adjust B4
Y or N? (or A for all)
Y or N? (or A for all)
Y or N? (or A for all)
In this example, reply "Y" to all three of the messages.
(Or reply "A" to the first message, and the other two
messages will not be given.) The result is:
A
1
2
3
4
5
Sales
CGS
Gross
B
Qtr 1
C
Qtr 2
D
Qtr 3
E
Qtr 4
250000
B3*.7
B3-B4
250000
C3*.7
C3-C4
250000
D3*.7
D3-D4
250000
E3*.7
E3-E4
Without the adjustment, the formulas in rows 4 and 5
would still be pointing at column B. By adjusting, they
now point to their respective columns.
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REPLICATE
EXAMPLE #2: At the beginning of this manual in the
section titled "A Brief Tutorial" there was an exercise
which computed interest on a savings account for three
years. Now let's use the Replicate Command to carry the
computation out for twenty years. The original
spreadsheet looked like this:
A
1
2
3
4
5
B
C
D
Compute Annual Interest
Rate:
5.50
6
7
8
9
10
11
Year
1983
1984
1985
Totals
Balance
Interest
5,000.00
275.00
5,275.00
290.13
5,565.13
306.08
5,871.21
871.21
This time, rather than type in all the data for every
year, let's set up the first and second detail lines:
B7
C7
D7
B8
C8
D8
1983 (A value instead of text.)
5000
C7*C4/100
B7+1 (A formula instead of text.)
C7+D7
C8*C4/100
Notice that the year number is set up as a value instead
of text. This allows it to be incremented by one for the
next twenty years, rather than typing in the year numbers
twenty times. Of course the years will be right justified
and will contain commas and decimals, so use the /F
command to format column B as follows:
/F B1:B256,J,L
/F B1:B256,D,0
/F B1:B256,C,N
(left justify)
(no decimals)
(no commas)
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REPLICATE
Now replicate row 8. Twenty years will go all the way
down to line 26. The command looks like this:
/R B8:D8,B9:D26
This Replicate Command takes a little longer, because of
its size. During the Replicate there are five "adjust"
messages:
Replicating
Replicating
Replicating
Replicating
Replicating
cell
cell
cell
cell
cell
B8.
C8.
C8.
D8.
D8.
Adjust
Adjust
Adjust
Adjust
Adjust
B7
C7
D7
C8
C4
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
or
or
or
or
or
N?
N?
N?
N?
N?
(or
(or
(or
(or
(or
A
A
A
A
A
for
for
for
for
for
all)
all)
all)
all)
all)
Here is a case where adjustment is required on all but
one of the fields: the last one. If you responded "A" for
all, or "Y" to all these messages, you would get some
strange results. C4 is the interest rate field, which is
a fixed field at the top of the spreadsheet. The interest
rate is going to stay in C4 forever. So you must respond
"N" to the last "adjust" message, or the Replicate
command will use a different (and unpredictable) interest
for every year: C4, C5, C6, C7, etc.
So give it four Y's and an N. Now the replicate is
complete. In the tutorial there was a "Totals" line. So,
at B28 enter the text "Totals", at C28 enter the formula
C26+D26, and at D28 enter the formula SUM(D7:D26). The
spreadsheet recalculates and the interest for 20 years
is displayed.
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ROUND
ROUND Function
Purpose:
Rounds a formula or value to a specified number of
decimal places.
Format:
ROUND(1.1234,2)
Returns 1.12
ROUND(A1,2)
If A1 = 1.125, returns 1.13
ROUND(A1*2/B5,A6)
Resolves formula, then rounds its
result
Remarks:
Rounding is automatically done by CALC, when
displaying a number in a cell. A more common means of
rounding is to use /Format and simply change the number
of decimals displayed on the screen.
However, there are occasional computations which require
rounding to be performed in-line. Or if your CALC
has been customized to default to floating decimals, the
ROUND function is useful for controlling the maximum
number of decimals displayed.
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SAVE
SAVE Command (/S)
Purpose:
Saves a spreadsheet file on disk so it can be retrieved
later for altering or printing. Files are usually in
CALC spreadsheet format, but /Save can also write DIF
files and comma-delimited ASCII (Mail-merge) files.
Prompts:
Enter /S. The first prompt is:
Enter the drive and path (optional).
If you are saving the spreadsheet to the default drive
and path, press ENTER. Otherwise, enter any valid drive
and path, then press ENTER. There is a brief pause,
then a window appears listing all the files with an
extension of CAL. The second prompt is displayed:
Enter the file name.
If this spreadsheet had been loaded earlier, then its name
appears as the default. To save it with the same name,
just press ENTER. If you want to save the file with the
name of another existing spreadsheet, use the down arrow
or up arrow to select a file name. Or type the file name
instead, CALC saves the currently displayed spreadsheet
onto disk, giving it the name you specified.
If the file name has an extension of .DIF, the file is
saved in DIF (Data Interchange Format) format.
If the file name has an extension of .WS, the file is
saved in comma-delimited ASCII format, sometimes
called Mail-merge format. Each cell across the specified
cell range is written as either a comma (if it is empty),
a number followed by a comma (if it is a value or
formula), or a text string enclosed in quotation marks
(if it is text). At the end of each line, a carriage
return/line feed is written. Quotation marks are blanked
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in text fields. This is a standard technique for saving
sequential data.
Note that neither DIF nor WS format have a means of
handling formulas; they are strictly text and value
oriented. So if you save a spreadsheet in DIF or WS
format, it is a good idea to keep a backup copy of the
spreadsheet in CALC spreadsheet format, so formulas
and formatting options are saved.
Some examples of valid file names are:
LOAN1
B:WORKSHT5.OLD
X
A:HOMEWRK.A
ADDRESS.WS
TEST.DIF
After entering the file name, press ENTER. The file is
opened. If a file with that name already exists on the
disk, you are prompted:
File exists. Overwrite or Backup?
If the file with the same name can be erased, and this
one written over it, reply "O". If you want to save the
old file as a backup, reply "B" and it is renamed with an
extension of .BAK, then the current file will be saved.
To enter a different file name, press BACKSPACE and
CALC prompts you for a different name.
If the file being saved is a DIF or WS file, two extra
prompts are given. The first is:
Enter the cell range to be saved (or ALL).
The default is ALL, but a block of cells can be specified
instead. To confine the data saved to three columns wide
and fifty records long, starting at C11, enter the range
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-
SAVE
C11:E60.
The second prompt asks:
Enter R to save by rows, C to save by columns.
The default is R, since this processes one line at a
time, moving left to right across the columns, which is
the most common method. If you specify C, the file is
written one column at a time, moving down the lines,
effectively rotating it a quarter turn.
As the file is being saved, the cursor coordinate in the
lower left corner of the screen displays the progress. A
message appears saying Saving file; stand by . . ..
When this message goes away, the save is completed. The
contents, value and attributes of each cell are saved, as
well as the column widths, current cell cursor position,
current settings of the global options, and current
settings of the print options.
If your computer has only one diskette drive, do not
attempt to /Save or /Load to drive B:. CALC requires
that the program diskette remain in the drive at all
times. The message file and the file overlay program are
both on drive A:, and are needed continually during the
loading process. If your system has only one drive and no
hard disk, you will need to save your files directly onto
your CALC working diskette in drive A:.
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SAVE
Example:
A spreadsheet has been completed and printed. It is to be
saved on disk for future reference. It is to be called
"PAYABLES". Type:
/S PAYABLES (ENTER)
A month ago a spreadsheet with the same name was saved
on this disk. The message: File Exists. Overwrite or
Backup? appears. Since the new spreadsheet is an
updated version of old PAYABLES file, reply B. Last
month's PAYABLES file is renamed PAYABLES.BAK,
and the new spreadsheet is saved with the name
PAYABLES.
125
-
SGN
SGN Function
Purpose:
Determines the sign of a number, and returns 1 if the
number is positive, 0 if the number is zero, or -1 if the
number is negative. The value is returned to the current
cell or formula.
Format:
SGN(-35)
Returns -1.
SGN(A1)
If A1 = 35, then SGN(A1) = 1
If A1 = 0,
then SGN(A1) = 0
If A1 = -35, then SGN(A1) = -1
SGN(A1*2/B5)
Resolves formula, then determines
the sign of the result.
Remarks:
SGN(x) can be entered into a cell, and used as the cell
value; or the SGN function can be used in a formula,
and/or may have a formula as its argument.
Example:
A spreadsheet lists sales figures in column A. Then in
column B it assigns a value of 1 if the sales figure to
the left is below average, 2 if the figure equals the
average, and 3 if the figure is above the average. Enter
this formula into cell B1:
SGN(A1-AVERAGE(A1:A20))+2
Use the Replicate command to copy the formula to cells
B1 through B20.
126
-
SIN
SIN Function
Purpose:
Computes the trigonometric sine of a cell or formula and
returns the value to the current cell or formula.
Format:
SIN(1.57079)
Returns 1
SIN(A1)
If A1 = 1.57079, returns 1
SIN(A1*2/B5)
Resolves formula, then computes sine
Remarks:
SIN(x) can be entered into a cell, causing the sine of a
number to be computed, and used as the cell value. Or the
SIN function can be used in a formula, and/or may have a
formula as its argument.
Example:
Set up a simple spreadsheet which allows a value in
radians to be entered, and returns the sine:
A1:
Radians:
A2:
B1:
B2:
Sine:
1.57079
SIN(B1)
When a value is typed into B1, the sine is displayed in
B2. Enter 1.57079 in B1, and 1 is returned in B2. Now
change the spreadsheet so degrees can be entered instead
of radians:
A1:
A2:
B1:
B2:
Degrees:
Sine:
90
SIN(B1*3.14159/180)
127
-
SQR
SQR Function
Purpose:
Computes the square root of a value, cell or formula and
returns the result to the current cell or formula.
Format:
SQR(25)
Returns 5
SQR(A1)
If A1 = 25, returns 5
SQR(A1*2/B5)
Resolves formula, then computes
the square root
Remarks:
SQR(x) can be entered into a cell, causing the square
root of a number to be computed, and used as the cell
value. Or the SQR function can be used in a formula,
and/or may have a formula as its argument.
Example:
Set up a spreadsheet that shows the square roots of all
numbers from 1 to 100. Start by entering:
A1:
A2:
B1:
B2:
1
A1+1
SQR(A1)
SQR(A2)
So far we have the square roots of 1 and 2. To carry
the table out to 100, enter:
/R A2:B2 A3:B100
When asked to adjust A1 and A2, reply Y to both. When
replication and calcluation are done, the spreadsheet
contains the numbers 1 to 100 in column A, and the square
roots of 1 to 100 in column B.
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-
STDEV
STDEV Function
Purpose:
Computes the standard deviation of a range of numbers.
Format:
STDEV(A1:A20)
Computes standard deviation of a
column of numbers
STDEV(A1:E1)
Computes standard deviation of a
row of numbers
STDEV(A1:D20)
Computes standard deviation of a
block of numbers
Remarks:
STDEV(m:n) can be entered into a cell, returning the
standard deviation of the specified range, and used as
the cell value. Or the STDEV function can be used in a
formula.
The coordinate range specified in a STDEV function may
be down a column, such as STDEV(A1:A20), it may be
across a row, such as STDEV(A1:E1), or it may be a block
of cells (designated by the upper-left and lower-right
coordinates), such as STDEV(A1:D20).
Example:
Column B has a string of numbers from B7 to B26 of which
we want to compute the standard deviation. The result is
to be placed in B27. At B27 enter:
STDEV(B7:B26)
After recalculation, B27 contains the standard deviation
of the range.
129
-
SUM
SUM Function
Purpose:
Sums a range of numbers and returns the result to the
current cell or formula.
Format:
SUM(A1:A20)
Sums a column of numbers
SUM(A1:E1)
Sums a row of numbers
SUM(A1:D20)
Sums a block of numbers
Remarks:
SUM(m:n) can be entered into a cell, causing the
specified range to be added up, and used as the cell
value. Or the SUM function can be used in a formula.
The coordinate range specified in a SUM function may be
down a column, such as SUM(A1:A20), it may be across a
row, such as SUM(A1:E1), or it may be a block of cells
(designated by the upper-left and lower-right
coordinates), such as SUM(A1:D20).
Example:
EXAMPLE #1: Column B has a string of numbers from B7
to B26 which are to be added up. The result is to be
placed in B27. At B27 enter:
SUM(B7:B26)
After recalculation, B27 contains the sum.
EXAMPLE #2: A spreadsheet has a block of expense
dollar amounts, running from C8 to J15. These are to be
subtracted from the gross profit figure in C6, and the
result is to be printed in C17. Move the cell cursor to
C17 and enter:
C6-SUM(C8:J15)
130
-
TAN
TAN Function
Purpose:
Computes the trigonometric tangent of a value, cell or
formula and returns the result to the current cell or
formula.
Format:
TAN(.7854)
Returns 1
TAN(A1)
If A1 = .7854, returns 1
TAN(A1*2/B5)
Resolves formula, then computes tangent
Remarks:
TAN(x) can be entered into a cell, causing the tangent of
a number to be computed, and used as the cell value. Or
the TAN function can be used in a formula, and/or may
have a formula as its argument.
Example:
Set up a simple spreadsheet which allows a value in
radians to be entered, and returns the tangent:
A1:
A2:
B1:
B2:
Radians:
Tangent:
.7854
TAN(B1)
When a value is typed into B1, the tangent is displayed
in B2. Enter .7854 in B1, and 1 is returned in B2. Now
change the spreadsheet so degrees can be entered instead
of radians:
A1:
A2:
B1:
B2:
Degrees:
Tangent:
45
TAN(B1*3.14159/180)
131
-
TITLE
TITLE Command (/T)
Purpose:
Locks spreadsheet titles along the top of the screen
and/or along the left side, so they remain in view.
Prompts:
Begin by moving the cell cursor to the line just below
and/or the column to the right of the titles to be
locked; i.e. the first "unlocked" cell. Then enter /T and
you are prompted:
Horizontal, Vertical, Both or None.
To lock one or more title lines at the top of the screen,
enter "H". To lock one or more columns along the left
edge of the screen, enter "V". To lock titles both
vertically and horizontally, enter "B".
Remarks:
Title locking may be turned off with the /TN command,
or it may be turned off by using the = (Goto) option to
jump to a cell above, or left of, the locked titles.
Example:
The following spreadsheet fills up the screen and
overflows both to the right and the bottom:
A
1
2
3
4
5
Oregon
Florida
New York
Illinois
B
Jan 85
540
C
Feb 85
D
Mar 85
E
Apr 85
441
662
293
Whenever we scroll downward off the bottom of the screen,
the month names on line 1 disappear. Scrolling to the
right causes the state names to disappear. To lock both
the months and states so they always remain on the
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TITLE
screen, move the cell cursor to B2, enter /T B
(/Title,Both). To lock only the months, move the cell
cursor anywhere on line 2 and enter /T H
(/Title,Horizontal). To lock only the state names, move
the cell cursor anywhere in column B and enter /T V
(/Title,Vertical).
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-
UTILITY
UTILITY Command (/U)
Purpose:
Allows files to be deleted or renamed, and allows the user
to temporarily exit to DOS, then return to CALC, without
saving the current spreadsheet.
Prompts:
Enter /U and the following prompt is displayed:
Delete a file, Rename a file, or Shell to DOS.
If you press D, you are prompted for the drive and path,
then a window lists all the files in the specified path.
Use the down arrow or up arrow to select a file, or type
the file name and press ENTER. The file is deleted.
If you press R, you are prompted for the drive and path,
and a window lists all the files. Use the down arrow or up
arrow to select one, or type the name of the file to be
renamed. The third prompt asks for the new name the file
is to be given.
If you press S, the screen is cleared and the following is
displayed:
Type EXIT to return to CALC.
C:CALC>
At this point you are back at DOS, although CALC is still
in memory. You can use any DOS command, and can even run
some small programs, provided they don't use much memory.
When you are finished, type EXIT to return to CALC.
134
-
WINDOW
WINDOW Command (/W)
Purpose:
Allows the spreadsheet screen to be split into two
"windows", either vertically or horizontally. This permits
you to look at two parts of a spreadsheet at the same
time.
Prompts:
Enter /W and the following prompt is displayed:
Horizontal, Vertical, Off, Synchronized, Unsynchronized
Press H to split the screen horizontally into two windows.
The screen is split at the line the cursor is on. To make
the upper window larger, move the cursor further down the
screen first. The cell cursor remains in the lower window.
It can be moved to the upper window by pressing the semicolon (;) key. Press ; a second time to return the cell
cursor to the lower window.
Press V to split the screen vertically into two windows.
The screen is split at the column the cursor is on. To
make the left window larger, move the cursor further to
the right of the screen first. The semicolon key moves the
cursor between windows.
Press O to turn off windowing and return to the normal
screen.
Press S to synchronize the windows. When horizontal
windows are synchronized, both windows always display the
same columns. When vertical windows are synchronized, both
windows always display the same lines.
Press U to unsynchronize the windows. When windows are
unsynchronized, scrolling around in one window leaves the
other window unchanged. Unsynchronized is the default.
135
-
XTERNAL
XTERNAL Command (/X)
Purpose:
Reads data from another CALC spreadsheet, or from a
File Express or PC-FILE database, and places the data into
the current cell.
Prompts:
Position the cell cursor on the cell which will contain
the data, then enter /X. You are prompted:
Enter C to get data from a spreadsheet.
Enter F to get data from a database.
The Xternal command can reach into a spreadsheet file, or
a database and extract data. Enter C or F to indicate the
type of file. Subsequent prompts are specific to either
spreadsheets or databases.
CALC Spreadsheet
If you replied "C" to the previous prompt, the next
prompt is:
Enter the drive and path name (optional).
Specify the drive and path where the calc spreadsheet is
located, then press ENTER. There is a brief pause while
the directory is read, then a window appears displaying
spreadsheets with .CAL extensions. This prompt appears:
Enter the name of the CALC spreadsheet to be read.
Use the down arrow and up arrow to select a file, or type
the name of the file and press ENTER. The next prompt is:
Enter the cell to be read.
Any cell coordinate from A1 to BL256 is valid. After
pressing ENTER, the message "Stand by. Search in
progress." is given, and CALC searches the file for the
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-
XTERNAL
specified cell. When the cell is found, its data is placed
in the current cell of your spreadsheet. If the data is
text, it appears as text in your spreadsheet. If it is a
value or formula, it appears as a value in your spreadsheet. Format items, such as decimal places, justification, etc. are not copied. The data can be formatted as
desired using the /Format command.
If the requested cell has no data, a warning message is
given. The ERROR designation is placed in the current
cell, and the cell's contents are the words NO DATA.
The Xternal command only goes one level deep in its search
for data. In other words, if the requested cell is also an
external reference to a third spreadsheet, CALC does not
access the third spreadsheet. It extracts the value of the
specified cell as of the last time it was saved.
Database
If you replied F to the first prompt, the next prompt is:
Enter the drive and path name (optional).
Specify the drive and path where the database is located,
then press ENTER. There is a brief pause while the
directory is read, then a window appears displaying all
the databases. The following prompt appears:
Enter the name of the database to be accessed.
If the database is on a disk other than the default
drive, its name may be prefixed by the drive letter and a
colon (for example, A:CUST). If the database cannot be
found, a message is given. Otherwise, this prompt appears:
Field to search?
(Enter field name, or press TAB/BACKTAB to rotate
through the field names.)
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XTERNAL
You can enter a field name at this time, or press the TAB
key, which displays each of the field names in the
database consecutively. When you find the field name you
want, press ENTER to go on to the next prompt. Note: when
typing the field name, it is not necessary to type the
entire name. CALC will find the first field name that
matches the characters you entered. Also, CALC ignores
upper and lower case, converting everything to upper case
before comparison. Now the next prompt:
Look for?
Enter the character string to be searched for. For
example, if you are searching a customer file and you
specified "customer number" as the "field to search",
then enter the customer number here. CALC compares
for the length of the data entered; i.e. if you enter
ABC, CALC finds the record whose search field
starts with ABC.
The next prompt is:
If there is more than one record which matches search
data, which one should be used? (1 to 999, or ALL.)
Normally the response to this prompt is 1, which tells
CALC to read the first matching record it finds. The
1 has already been filled in as the default, so just
press ENTER. However, if there are multiple matches in
your file, and you want to bypass the first two records,
enter 3, and CALC skips the first two records.
Or the word ALL can be entered in response to this
prompt, causing all matching records to be read, and
numeric fields totalled. If the retrieved field (next
prompt) is a numeric field, the total of that field from
all matching records is put into the current cell of your
spreadsheet. See the examples below for more discussion
of the "ALL" option.
138
-
XTERNAL
The final prompt is:
Field to retrieve?
This is the name of the database field whose contents are
to be placed in your spreadsheet's current cell. Just as
above, with the "field to search" prompt, you can use the
TAB and BACKTAB keys to rotate through the valid field
names. When you find the field name you want, press
ENTER to go on to the next prompt. Note: when typing the
field name, it is not necessary to type the entire name.
CALC finds the first field name that matches the
characters entered. Also, CALC ignores upper and
lower case, converting everything to upper case before
comparison.
If the retrieved field's name ends with a "#", the data
is placed in your spreadsheet cell as a value. Otherwise
it is placed in the cell as text.
If no record is found which matches the requested
search, a warning message is given, and the ERROR
condition is set for the cell.
Remarks:
External references are not limited to just one
spreadsheet or database. Any number of external
spreadsheets and/or databases can be accessed from a
single spreadsheet. The speed of the accesses varies
depending on the number of different spreadsheets and
databases being accessed, and the sizes of those
spreadsheets and databases.
The fields entered in a /Xternal command are saved with
the cell contents, just as a formula is saved with its
cell. When the cell cursor is moved to a cell with an
external reference, the external reference parameters are
displayed beneath the cell contents.
To change one or more parameters in an external
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-
XTERNAL
reference, move the cell cursor to the cell to be
changed, and enter /X. The normal /X prompts are given,
but the parameter values are already filled in for you on
the command line. Just press ENTER until you come to the
parameter to be changed, then type the new value.
To delete an external reference, simply enter another
value in the cell, or use the /Blank command to clear the
cell's contents.
Cells with external references can be referenced in
formulas and functions just like any other cells.
External references are saved with the cell's data at
/Save time, and reloaded at /Load time. One additional
step takes place at /Load time: each external reference
is re-resolved; i.e. the data is looked up again in the
referenced spreadsheet or database. If the data has
changed since the last /Save, the new data is
substituted. Of course, this means that a spreadsheet
with external references take longer to load. It also
means that the externally referenced files must be online
in order to load the spreadsheet.
Example:
EXAMPLE #1: Preparing a profit and loss statement using
CALC, we realize that the expense totals to be
displayed are already in another spreadsheet. They are
the total lines of the detail spreadsheet called
CHEKBOOK, and are in cells B65 through G65. Since
CHEKBOOK is updated every month, we can use external
references to pull the data into our monthly P & L, and
eliminate the need to re-key the data each month.
Starting with the first expense, wages and salaries, move
the cursor to C18 where the dollar amount is to be
displayed. If any extra formatting is to be done, such as
leading dollar signs, etc. it can be done now, or after
the data is retrieved. Now enter:
/X C CHEKBOOK B65
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-
XTERNAL
CALC finds the spreadsheet called CHEKBOOK, and
retrieves the contents of cell B65. Since B65 contains a
dollar amount, that amount is put into cell C18 of our P&L
spreadsheet as a value, rather than text. To retrieve the
remaining expense amounts into cells C19 through C23, we
repeat the /X command above, referencing cells C65 through
G65. The command must be retyped for each cell. There is
no Replicate command for external references (not yet,
anyway). When finished, we can show the total expenses
either by retrieving them from CHEKBOOK using /X, or we
can simply total up the numbers in C18 through C23 using
the SUM(C18:C23) command.
EXAMPLE #2: Working on the same P & L described in
example 1, we now want to show the total sales for the
month, in two categories: retail sales and wholesale
sales. All the sales invoices for the month have been
entered into a File Express database called MTDSALES, with
invoice number, date, customer number and amount. The
first three letters of the invoice number are "RTL" for
retail sales and "WHL" for wholesale sales. Start by
moving the cell cursor to the cell where the retail sales
amount is to be displayed. Now enter /X and respond to
the prompts as shown:
CALC or FILE:
Name of database:
Field to search:
Look for:
Which one:
Field to retrieve:
F
MTDSALES
Invoice number
RTL
ALL
Amount#
Now we wait for a few seconds while CALC reads
the database. Since we specified ALL, it will read every
record whose invoice number starts with RTL, and total up
the Amount# field. When the search is done, the sum of
Amount# from all the RTL records appears on our
spreadsheet in the current cell. To print the total
wholesale sales, move down one cell and enter the same
/X command as above, but substituting WHL for RTL.
141
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ZAP
ZAP Command (/Z)
Purpose:
Clears the spreadsheet area and resets all the system
defaults.
Prompts:
Enter /Z and you will be prompted:
Clear contents? (Y or N).
To clear the current contents of every cell, and reset
all the system defaults, enter "Y". To leave the current
spreadsheet as is, reply "N" or ESCAPE.
Remarks:
If the spreadsheet currently in memory has not been
saved, it will be lost. Use the Save Command (/S) to save
the spreadsheet before exiting. To prevent accidental
loss of data, CALC asks for confirmation (Clear
contents?) before clearing.
An alternate method of clearing memory is to use the /Q
command to exit to the operating system, then restart
CALC.
Example:
The spreadsheet currently on the screen has been saved on
disk. The spreadsheet area is to be cleared. Enter:
/Z Y
A message appears saying Clearing contents. Stand by...
and after a pause, a blank screen appears with the cursor
at A1 and the column widths reset to the default length.
142