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STUDY GUIDE
Directions: Use the following focus questions to guide you in addressing important information and making
higher-level connections. I would suggest that you organize the information using 1) the SPICE of history or 2)
the following focus questions.
RENAISSANCE
1. How did the events of the late middle ages lead to the Renaissance?
2. How did the political structure of the Italian city-states facilitate the Renaissance?
3. To what extent did Renaissance humanism affect the view of the individual?
4. Analyze the influence of humanism on Renaissance art.
5. Compare and contrast the Italian Renaissance with Northern Renaissance.
6. To what extent were women impacted by the Renaissance?
REFORMATION
1. Analyze the causes of the Protestant Reformation
2. Compare and contrast the doctrines and practices of Lutheranism and Calvinism with Catholic doctrines
and practices.
3. Compare and contrast the English Reformation with Luther’s reformation in Germany.
4. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation on European politics and society in the 16th century. Be
sure to consider Germany, England, France and the Netherlands.
5. To what extent did the Catholic Church succeed in achieving its goals during the Counter Reformation?
NEW MONARCHS/AGE OF DISCOVERY
1. Who were the “New Monarchs”? How did they go about centralizing power in their states? To what
extent were they successful?
2. How did the Commercial Revolution impact European society politically, economically, and socially
between 1500-1700?
3. Analyze the role that knowledge, politics and technology played in European exploration between 1450
and 1700.
4. Analyze the impact of the Columbian Exchange on European society.
RELIGIOUS WARS
1. Analyze the impact that religion played in the Dutch Revolt, the French Civil Wars, the Thirty Years’ War,
and the English Civil War
2. Analyze the extent to which the religious policies of the following rulers were successful:
 Philip II
 Elizabeth I
 Henry IV
 James I & Charles I
 Oliver Cromwell
3. Analyze the impact of the Thirty Years’ War on European politics
ABSOLUTISM IN EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE
1. Analyze the extent to which absolutism developed in France under Henry IV and Louis XIII, and Louis XIV
and how they impacted the bureaucracy, the nobility, the peasantry, economics and religious issues in
France.
2. To what extent did the balance of power remain intact in Europe between 1600 and 1715?
3. Analyze the causes for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania in
Europe during the 17th century.
4. Analyze the military, political and social factors for the rise of absolutism in Austria, Prussia and Russia in
the 17th and 18th centuries.
5. Compare and contrast absolutism in Eastern Europe with that of France in Western Europe.
6. Analyze the development of constitutionalism and failure of absolutism in England during the 17th century.
7. Analyze factors that led to the rise of the Dutch Republic and its commercial success in the 17 th century.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION/ENLIGHTENMENT
1. How did the Scientific Revolution impact European society (e.g. intellectually, religiously, economically)?
2. Analyze the extent to which the Enlightenment affected European society with regard to religion,
education, economics, and politics in the 18th century.
3. To what extent is the term “Enlightened Despot” appropriate when describing the reigns of Frederick the
Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II?
4. Analyze how the balance of power was maintained in Europe between 1740 and 1786.
18TH CENTURY SOCIETY
1. Discuss the features of the Agricultural Revolution. How did the Agricultural Revolution affect European
society in the 18th century?
2. Analyze the causes of the population explosion in the 18 th century? What were some of the new social
challenges posed by population growth?
3. Analyze the role that mercantilism played on the Atlantic economy during the 17th and 18th centuries.
4. To what extent did the colonial wars of the 18th century impact the European balance of power?
5. To what extent did demographic and social trends of the 18th century impact the European family?