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ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS REQUIRED BY SPECIAL NEEDS LEARNER IN VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTRE FOR ESTABLISHING BUSINESS ENTERPRISES By Olabiyi, O. Stephen (Ph.D.), Department of science and Technology Education, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria AND Oyenuga, A.O. (Ph.D.) Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun. Ogun State, Nigeria. AND Lamidi, A.A (Ph.D) School of Vocational and Technical Education, Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto/Ijanikin, Lagos, Nigeria. 1 ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS REQUIRED BY SPECIAL NEEDS LEARNER IN VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTRE FOR ESTABLISHING BUSINESS ENTERPRISES. Abstract The major purpose of the study was to identify the entrepreneurial skills required by special needs learner in vocational rehabilitation centre for establishing small and medium scale enterprises. The study employed a survey research design. The population of the study consisted of 85 respondents made up of 27 managers of micro finance banks and 58 managers (entrepreneurs) of small and medium scale enterprises. Three research questions were formulated. Mean, standard deviation was employed to answer the research questions. A questionnaire containing 50 items was designed and used for data collection. The reliability coefficient for the study was 0.96 using Cronbach alpha reliability tests. The research found out that (enterprise) organization success depend on how well its management is able to plan and ensure constructive coordination management at all levels into an effective instrument for achieving cooperate objectives, Exhibit an attitude that supports and welcome changes in business structure; Read and comprehend a wide range of publications; Prudently utilizing the available financial and material resources for managing an enterprises and Carryout effective marketing and research. Keys words: Special needs learner, Entrepreneurial skills, Rehabilitation centre, Rehabilitees, Vocational rehabilitation, Vocational skills, Managerial skill, Marketing skill, Workforce development, and Small and medium scale enterprises. Introduction The Rehabilitation centre for special needs learner is a federal established centre that has a special mandate to positively transform and empower the lives of people living with disabilities who are often described as physically challenged, handicapped, or disabled. Rehabilitation centre were purposely designed to tackle the emerging problem of street begging and destitution. The Rehabilitation centre caters for the vocational needs of its clients (special needs learners). Special needs learners are rehabilitated and made to live independent and productive lives through the acquisition of various vocational skills. (Kolajo, 2006), Onwuchekwa (1984) explained that vocational rehabilitation involves physical restoration, emotional rehabilitation and economic resettlement. Vocational rehabilitation describes finding employment for rehabilitees, supporting their families and providing tools for them. Vocational rehabilitation therefore refers to all concerted efforts at equipping special needs learner with needful skills of functioning productively on a vocation of choice. Special needs learners are viewed by Sokale (1999) as those having significant difficulty in coping with children of the same age; they could be referred to as the hearing impaired, blindness, and limb deformity, emotionally disabled. Special needs learners are 2 defined by National Policy on Education (2004) as children and adults who have learning difficulties because of different kinds of handicaps ranging from blindness, partialsightedness, deafness, hardness-of-hearing, mental retardation, social maladjustments, limbs deformity or malformation due to circumstance of birth, inheritance, social position, mental and physical health patterns or accidents in later life, which as a result of these, such children and adults are unable to cope with the regular school class organisation and method. Special needs learners are categorised as sets of people who may not benefit fully from the regular or familiar education obtainable in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. They are people (learners) who are judge disabled, impaired, or handicapped to a certain extent and as such they cannot benefit maximally in the regular educational setting. Their exceptionality might have resulted from misfortune experienced before or after birth. The rehabilitation centre according to Federal Ministry of Sport and Social Development (2000) is particularly aimed at developing the capacities of special needs learner to meet the challenges of disability and contemporary living and to ensure the attainment of satisfactory overall quality of life, which would allow them to make their maximum contributions towards the development of the nation. The specific objectives of the centre are to: i. Ensure effective management of crisis situation of special needs learners; ii. Ensure provision of relief materials to trainees in the institution; iii. Ensure an appropriate training for special needs learners to reduce dependency; iv. Ensure diligent follow-up to facilitate subsequent rehabilitation of the handicapped in form of placement and after care visits; v. Make available to special needs learner adequate physical, social and mental health care facilitates; vi. Promote the provision of adequate and accessible recreation, and sporting facilities for the trainees; (Federal Ministry of Sport and Social Development, 2000) Special needs learners that complete vocational rehabilitation programmes shall have the opportunities to secure employment at the end of the whole course or set up their own business and become self employed and be able to employ others (FGN,2004). The responsibilities of vocational rehabilitation centres do not begin and end with instruction in series of skills. Preparation of rehabilitees for successful and productive participation in the world of work is increasingly being recognised as a major responsibility of rehabilitation centre. Rehabilitees need to be assisted and prepared satisfactorily for initial and continued employment. As such vocational rehabilitation programme should include all of those aspects 3 that will help the rehabilitees discover his/her talents, to relate these talents to work situations and to be skilfully trained in the chosen trade. (Okorie, 2000). In addition rehabilitees should assist to organise and control the affairs of small and medium scale enterprises and posses skill. It is not enough to train rehabilitees for jobs, it is equally important that these rehabilitees be empowered to establish and manage the job for which they have been trained. According to Okorie (2000) an important issue of workforce development in Nigeria is to ensure that human resources are developed to such an extent that the achievement of desired rate of technological changes will not be impeded through lack of personnel with suitable entrepreneurial skill. Thus establishment business enterprises in Nigeria have implications for workforce development in vocational rehabilitation centre. One of the implications is the rising demand for skill artisan, craftsman and master craftsman required to establish and manage an enterprise. Entrepreneurial training according to Akintola (2001) is a programme or part of programmes that prepares individuals (special needs learners) to undertake the formation and or operation of small business enterprise which also include franchise operation for the purpose of performing all business functions relating to a product or service with emphasis given to the social responsibilities, legal requirements and risks for the sake of profit involved in the conduct of a private enterprise. Entrepreneurship training according to Ayeduso (2004) is a specialised training given to the trainees of vocational rehabilitation centre to acquire skills, ideas and managerial abilities and capabilities for self employment than being employed for pay. According to Uwhmeiye and Clark (2000) entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability of an individual to make an investment, opportunities, establishes and run an enterprise successfully. The management structure and independence business enterprises put the entrepreneur in the most critical position in running of the enterprises. Thus the success and failure of the business depend largely on the entrepreneur competence. According to Nzelobe (1996) the technical requirement of getting out a product or rendering a service should be understood in considerable details by entrepreneurs before embarking on business enterprise. Lankard (2003) stressed that entrepreneurial skills must be nurtured through proper education so that it can be directed to responsible and enriching small business endeavour that will benefit the individual and the communities in which entrepreneurs live. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is an enterprise with a minimum asset base between N1,000,000 and N 200 million, excluding land and working capital, with the number of staff employed by the enterprise not less than 5 and not more than 300. One of the common features of SMEs is that they are either 4 sole proprietorship or partnership and have centralised management structure (Udechuckwu, 2003). In most cases, the operational and administrative management of (SMEs) are in the hands of one or two person usually the owner(s)/ manager(s) who are also responsible for making the major decision of the enterprise. Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) helps to improve the production of goods and services required for nation’s economic, industrial and technological development. Furthermore, the revival of interest in SMEs in developing and developed countries is due to the potential of the sector in poverty alleviation, employment generation, rapid industrialisation and mitigation rural and urban drift. In order to make the SMEs sector more vibrant, successive Nigeria government has employed various monetary, fiscal and industrial policy measures to promote and develop SMEs in Nigeria. These include the provision of local finance, through its agencies such as the Central Bank, of Nigeria (CBN), and other commercial banks. In addition, government has also facilitated and guaranteed external finance for SMEs through the World Bank. Presently, the Government through the Central Bank, of Nigeria initiated the Small and Medium Industrial Equity Investment scheme (SMIEIS). The scheme required all banks in Nigeria to set aside 10% of their profit before tax annually for equity investment in SMEs. In spite of the government efforts, the level of industrial development expected to be generated through the development of SMEs compared to the need of the country has never been achieved. Salami (2003) observed that there has been high mortality rate of SMEs in the country due to lack of entrepreneurial skill by the Small and Medium scale entrepreneurs. According to Salami inadequate entrepreneurial skills has resulted into reluctance of banks to extend credit to SMEs entrepreneur. In the same vein, most rehabilitees from vocational rehabilitation centre expected to acquire skills for self-reliance and join the pool of entrepreneurs for industrial development of this country do not have entrepreneurial skills. According to Ogwo, (2004) entrepreneurial skills deficiency has been implicated for the failure of some rehabilitees who ventured into self-employment. Although, United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (1994) explained that the potential of small and medium scale enterprises and the self-employment has necessitated the introduction of entrepreneurial development in the technical and vocational education curriculum in most countries. The obvious implication of this is that entrepreneurs and intending entrepreneurs should possess adequate entrepreneurial competences for successful management of their business. However, lack of entrepreneurial skills has been implicated for good number of rehabilitees to involve in street begging and destitution instead of practicing the trained trade. It becomes necessary therefore, to identify entrepreneurial skills required by special needs 5 learners in vocational rehabilitation centre for establishing small and medium enterprise in Lagos and Ogun states. The major purpose of this study is to identify entrepreneurial skills required by special needs learner in vocational rehabilitation centre for establishing small and medium enterprise in Lagos and Ogun states. Specifically, the study sought to identify the: 1. Managerial skills required by special needs learner for establishing small and medium scale enterprises. 2. Financial skills required by special needs learner for establishing small and medium scale enterprises. 3. Marketing skills required by special needs learner for establishing small and medium scale enterprises. The following are the research questions formulated for this study: 1. What are the managerial skills required by special needs learner for establishing small and medium scale enterprises? 2. What are the financial skills required by special needs learner for establishing small and medium scale enterprises? 3. What are the marketing skills required by special needs learner for establishing small and medium scale enterprises? Methods The study employed a survey research design. Structured questionnaire were used as instrument to collect data from respondents. The population of interest for the study consisted of 85 respondents’ made up of two groups namely: 58 managers (entrepreneurs) of small scale enterprises and 27 managers of micro finance banks in Lagos and Ogun states. Mean and standard deviation were employed to answer the research objectives. Any item with the mean value of 3.50 and above was considered as important. The questionnaire was structured in line with research questions containing 52 items for the purpose of collecting data for the study. The instrument was evaluated for content and face validity by three experts. The experts included a lecturer from rehabilitation department, Federal college of education 6 (special) Oyo, a director from ministry of sports and social development, Ibadan and a manager from commercial bank in Lagos. Results Research Question 1 What are the managerial skills required by special needs learners’ centres establishing small and medium scale enterprises in Lagos and Ogun States? Table 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of Respondents’ Responses on the Managerial Skills Required by Rehabilitees in Vocational Rehabilitation Centre for Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises N=85 Item No The following are Managerial Skills Required By Rehabilitees in Mean Vocational Rehabilitation Centre for SMEs Enterprise X Stan. Dev S Decision 1 Possess depth of knowledge and skills in chosen trades (i.e. be a competent person) 4.99 1.15 Important 2 Develop, interpret, and implement policies for the accomplishment of organisation goals 4.13 0.91 Important 3 Create a long term vision for the organisation and environment where all members take ownership of the vision 4.45 0.60 Important 4 Create environment where leader is approachable and open to new ideas Communicate effectively the organisations vision to others members of staff 4.51 0.87 Important 4.39 0.56 Important Effectively use computer software for data bases and word processing Create an environment in which team members are willing to share ideas Raise funds from internal and external generating revenue for new business Work with family to determine organization goals Think creatively, critically, abstractly as well as linearly in decision making Foster relationship among members of the organization Demonstrate respect for others within the organization and customers Create an environment that support organisational change 4.27 0.79 Important 4.25 1.09 Important 4.34 0.68 Important 2.00 4.34 0.82 0.79 Not important Important 4.44 4.38 0.49 0.77 Important Important 4.23 0.63 Important Think creatively, critically, abstractly as well as linearly in decision making Evaluate the impact of personnel in the organisation Create an environment that values the divers opinion of other staff Surround themselves with people of complimentary strength 4.50 0.50 Important 4.34 4.39 4.38 4.32 4.55 0.82 0.87 0.86 0.62 0.49 Important Important Important Important Important 4.47 0.50 Important 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Demonstrate empathy for social problems Implement and adjust organisational budgets to accomplish organisation programs Effectively integrate computer program application (i.e. merge files). 7 21 22 23 Develop, interpret and explained budgets for all levels within the organisation Set goals for the organisation Effectively use and search the internet. 4.38 0.72 Important 4.27 4.48 0.64 0.57 Important Important Result as can be seen in the data presented in Table 1 above, revealed that the mean responses of managers (entrepreneurs) and managers in micro finance banks listed on managerial skills required for establishing small and medium scale enterprises by rehabilitees in vocational rehabilitation centre were rated as important: possess depth knowledge and skills in chosen trades, develop interest, and implement policies for achievement of organisational goals; Create a long term vision for the organisation and environment where all members take ownership of the vision; Effectively use computer software for data bases and word processing; Raise funds from internal and external generating revenue for new business; Think creatively, critically, abstractly as well as linearly in decision making; Think creatively, critically, abstractly as well as linearly in decision making. Findings also indicate that think creatively, critically, abstractly as well as linearly in decision making; Implement and adjust organisational budgets to accomplish organisation programs; Create an environment that values the divers opinion of other staff; Develop, interpret and explained budgets for all levels within the organisation. Those items had their mean score ranges from 4.13 to 4.99. The managerial skills received a mean score greater or equal to 3.50 and were therefore regarded as managerial skills required for establishing small and medium scale enterprises. However, item 9 Work with family to determine organisation goals had its mean less than 3.50. This indicated that majority of the respondents rated the item as not important. 8 Research Question 2 What are the financial skills required by special needs learner for Establishing small and medium scale enterprises in Lagos and Ogun states? Table 2 Mean and Standard Deviation Respondents’ Response on the Financial Skills Required by Special Needs Learner for Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises N=85 Item No The following are Financial Skills Required By Special Needs Mean Learner for Establishing SMEs Enterprise Stan. Dev X S Decision 1 Prepare a trading, profit and loss accounts 4.47 0.73 Important 2 3 4 5 Operate petty cash book Prepare a ledger account Utilise balance sheet for business financial transactions prepare book journals for the business financial transaction Audit business account keep accounting records Operate the various accounting record e.g. double entry book-keeping Use accounting software for financial transaction Make financing decision Identify accounting books such as ledger account, cash book e.t.c Make business investment decision Making decision on how the profit accruing from investments are going to be utilised Determine cost analysis and allocation of cost to item and project. 4.32 4.29 4.63 4.51 0.60 0.53 0.55 0.57 Important Important Important Important 2.32 4.41 4.60 0.46 0.62 0.56 Not Important Important Important 4.42 4.32 4.29 0.56 0.66 0.83 Important Important Important 4.35 4.41 0.72 0.68 Important Important 4.47 0.64 Important 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The data presented in Table 2 above, revealed that the mean responses of managers (entrepreneurs) and managers in micro finance banks listed on financial skills required for establishing small and medium scale enterprises by rehabilitees in vocational rehabilitation centre were rated as important: Prepare a trading, profit and loss accounts, Utilise balance sheet for business financial transactions, prepare book journals for the business financial transaction, keep accounting records, Operate the various accounting record e.g. double entry book-keeping, Use accounting software for financial transaction Table 2 further reveals that; keeping accounting records, Operate the various accounting record e.g. double entry book-keeping, Use accounting software for financial transaction, Make financing decision, Identify accounting books such as ledger account, cash book etc, Make business investment decision, Making decision on how the profit accruing from investments are going to be utilised, Determine cost analysis and allocation of cost to 9 item and project. These items had their mean score ranges from 4.13 to 4.99, greater than or equal to 3.50, and were therefore regarded as financial skills required for establishing small and medium scale enterprises. However, item 6 audit business accounts had its mean less than 3.50. This indicated that majority of the respondents rated the item as not important. Research Question 3 What are the marketing skills required by special needs learner for establishing small and medium scale enterprises? Table 3 Mean and Standard Deviation of Respondents on the Marketing Skills Required by Special Needs Learner for Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises N=85 Item No The following are Marketing Skills Required By special Needs Mean Learner for SMEs Enterprise S Decision 4.52 4.16 4.25 4.47 4.45 4.47 0.50 0.92 0.87 0.50 0.60 0.56 Important Important Important Important Important Important 4.48 4.29 4.46 4.34 4.35 0.50 0.57 0.50 0.57 0.67 Important Important Important Important Important 4.30 2.69 0.53 0.46 Important Not Important X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Capture and retain the attention of customers Promote and sell organization product Analyse demand and supply situation Carryout effective marketing and research Acquire effective sales habit Demonstrate knowledge of forecasting and analysis of sales Utilize view and data of marketing research Segment the market Exhibit knowledge of marketing strategies Define information needs Conduct market survey for determining customers needs Make decision on marketing mix Conduct house to house advertisement Stan. Dev The data in Table 3 shows that items (1-12) had their means above 3.50. This implies that majority of the respondents used for the study rated the items important as those marketing skills required by rehabilitees in vocational rehabilitation centre for establishing small and medium scale enterprises in Lagos and Oyo states ;Capture and retain the attention of customers, Promote and sell organisation product, Analyse demand and supply situation, Carryout effective marketing and research, Acquire effective sales habit, Demonstrate knowledge of forecasting and analysis of sales, Utilise view and data of marketing research, Segment the market, Exhibit knowledge of marketing strategies, Define information needs, 10 Conduct market survey for determining customers needs, Make decision on marketing mix. However, Item 13 on the other hand (Conduct house to house advertisement) had its mean below 3. 50. This means that majority of this respondents rated this item as not important. Discussion of Findings The findings of the study are discussed along the research question that guided the study. The data provided in table 1 provided answers to research question one. Based on the findings of the study, the majority of respondents are generally in agreement over the entrepreneurial skills that are required for managing small and medium scale enterprises. Those managerial skill considered as important includes; Possess depth of knowledge and skills in chosen trades (i.e. be a competent person); Develop, interpret, and implement policies for the accomplishment of organisation goals; Create a long term vision for the organisation and environment where all members take ownership of the vision; Communicate effectively the organisation vision to others members of staff ; Think creatively, critically, abstractly as well as linearly in decision making; Create an environment that values the divers opinion of other staff; Implement and adjust organisational budgets to accomplish organisation programs; Develop, interpret and explained budgets for all levels within the organisation. The respondents identified the important of these managerial skills. Thus, the finding were in agreement with Aluko et al (1998) and Osuala (2001) who emphasised that an organisation success depend on how well its management is able to plan and ensure constructive coordination management at all levels into an effective instrument for achieving cooperate objectives. Osuala (2004) added that the prospective small business manager should have adequate technical ability-a working knowledge of the physical operation of the business, sufficient conceptual ability, the power to visualize, co-ordinate and integrate the various operations of the business into a synergistic whole and an ample interpersonal ability – the skill to manage the people in the organization and to motivate them to higher level of performance. He went further to explain that adequate experience and special attitude are very important in the fields of business for survival of business. The data presented in Table 2 provided answer to research question two on financial skills required to establish small and medium enterprise in Lagos and Oyo states. Findings revealed that rehabilitees in vocational rehabilitation centre intending to establish small and medium enterprise should be able to prepare a trading profit and loss accounts and ledger; operate petty cash book and double entry book keeping and keep accounting records. These 11 findings are in line with Needle (1997), who opined that accounting record and information is particularly useful to management in the planning, organising and controlling of organisation resources. Osuala (2004) supporting the view, suggested the following as the basic financial records to be kept by an entrepreneur: Journals, Ledger, Balance Sheet, Sales document and other business records. Management of finance is the vehicle through which success and survival of enterprise is determined. Entrepreneur must understand, the complexity surrounding the source, security and multiplication of fund invested. The findings of this study also revealed that special needs learner intending entrepreneurs should be able to use computer software for financial transaction. This finding stemmed form the fact most organisation use computers for their financial transaction. The data presented in Table 3 provided answer to research question three on marketing skills required by rehabilitees in vocational rehabilitation centre for establishing small and medium scale enterprise in Lagos and Ogun states. Findings revealed that special needs learner entrepreneurs should be able to capture and retain the attention of customers; promote and sell organisation product; analyze demand and supply situation; carryout effective marketing and research; acquire effective sales habit; demonstrate knowledge of forecasting and analysis of sales; utilise view and data of marketing research; segment the market; exhibit knowledge of marketing strategies; define information needs; and conduct market survey for determining customers needs. Customer and organizational satisfaction goals are two issues in the marketing concept that cannot be treated in isolation. The activities of the firm, the customer have total freedom of choice and cannot be forced to buy a product whose price is excessive. The firm has a choice. It is not obliged to produce goods that cost than consumers can pay. According to Kotler, Philip and Armstrong (1992) it is only by satisfying consumers that long run profit can be achieved and customers are satisfied when they receive adequate value for their money and see the profit of the firm as a fair return on investment and not the result of exploitation. In addition, marketing concept holds that achieving organisation goals depends on the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction, effectively and efficiently than competitors (Kotler, 2003). Therefore any special needs craftsperson intending to establish small and medium scale enterprise should be able to conduct market survey and utilise data for marketing research. Furthermore, the marketing mix is one of the fundamental effective concepts associated with the marketing process. According to Needle (1994) marketing mix generally refers to an overall marketing strategy which involves the 12 manipulation of four key elements. These are decisions concerning the nature of the product and its design; decisions about price; decisions about sales promotion, advertising and customer awareness; and decisions concerning distribution. These four factors are popularly referred to as the 4 Ps; product, price, promotion and place. Two important aspects of this are not made explicit. These are market research and buyer behaviour. Decisions about the marketing mix cannot be made without researching the market in all its aspects and that includes a thorough understanding of buyer behaviour. Therefore, SMEs operator needs to understand the complexity of marketing mix variables. Conclusions This study set out to identify entrepreneurial skills required by special needs learners in vocational rehabilitation centre for establishing small and medium scale enterprise in Lagos and Ogun states. The study has identified managerial skills, financial skills, and marketing skills required by the rehabilitees after graduation from the rehabilitation centre. These findings represent the opinions of managers (entrepreneurs) and Managers in Micro finance bank who are considered to be experienced in business management. It is hoped therefore, that if all these skills are taken into consideration the training of special needs craftsperson in the vocational rehabilitation centre, the rehabilitees will graduate from vocational rehabilitation centre with entrepreneurial skills required for establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. Consequently, Banks mangers will have confidence in releasing Loan to the rehabilitees on graduation from the rehabilitation centre. Hence, the rehabilitees will be able to establish their own workshop, make their maximum contributions towards the development of the nation and become employers of labour instead of hoping solely on paid employment which not forthcoming which can lead to street begging and destitution. Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made: Vocational rehabilitation centre should include the entrepreneurial skills identified by this study in the curriculum of rehabilitation centre.Government should provide internet facilities and computer laboratory in the centre. Ministry of education in conjunction with ministry of sports and social development should always conduct instructional supervision aimed at improving the teaching of entrepreneurial skills in the vocational rehabilitation centre. 13 Constant seminars, workshops and conferences should be organised for rehabilitees and teachers on the need for entrepreneurial skills for the world of work. References Aluko, M., Odugbesan O., Gbadamosi, G. and Osuagwu, L. (1998). Business policy and strategy. Lagos: Pumark Educational Publishers. Ayeduso, A. O. (2004). Entrepreneurship education. In Osuala ,E. C. (1993) Principles and Practice of Small Business Management in Nigeria: A Didactic Approach. Nsukka. Fuladu Publication Company. Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), (2004) National policy on education. Lagos: NERDC Press. Federal Ministry of Education, (2000). Technical and vocational education development in Nigeria in the 21st century with the blue-print for the decade 2001 – 2010. Abuja; Federal Ministry of Education. Federal Ministry of Sports and Social Development Rehabilitation Department (2000). Handbook for Nigeria Farm Craft Centre for the Blind. Lagos. Golman, D. (1998). What makes a leader? Havard Business review. Vol. 76 No.6, pp 93- 102 Kolajo, O. (2006). The Rehabilitation Centre, Moniya in Brief. Mimeography. Rehabilitation Department, Ibadan. Lankard, J. (2003). Entrepreneurship education in technical and vocational education. Retrieved June 5, 2004 from http//:www.ericdigest.org/doc.html Nzerlibe, C. G. O. (1996). Entrepreneurial skill for management of small and medium scale business enterprises. Aba: Vantage Publishers. Okorie, J. U. (2000). Developing Nigeria Workforce. Calabar: page Envirous Publishers. Onwuchekwa, J.N (1984). Vocational Rehabilitation of the Deaf. Ibadan: Mimiograph Osuala, E.C. (2001). Fundamentals of Nigeria marketing. Pacific Publishers. Salami, A. T. (2003). Guidelines and stake holders responsibilities in SMIEIS. In Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Seminar on small and medium industries equity investments scheme (SMIEIS). Retrieved July 10, 2006 from http//:www.cenbank.org/out/publication/guidelines/DFD/2004/ SMIEIS/pdf 14 Sokale, A.A. (August, 1999). Technology Devices that could make the people with Special Needs Self Independent. Audio Watch, Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo. (5th Ed.) Udechukwu, F. N. (2003). Survey of small and medium scale industries and their potentials in Nigeria. In Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Seminar on small and medium industries equity investments scheme (SMIEIS). Retrieved July 10, 2006 from http//:www.cenbank.org/out/publication/guidelines/DFD/2004/ SMIEIS/pdf UNESCO and ILO (2002). Technical and Vocational Education and Training for the Twenty– first Century. Paris: UNESCO Uwameiye, R. and Clark, D. (2000). A Time Capsole of Training and learning for SelfEmployment. Retrieved on June 10, 2004 from http://www.nwlinkcom/donclark/hrd/history.html In the business world, effective interpersonal/communication enables people to realize the goals of the organization. It enables people in this complex modern world to work together, exchange products and services share and achieve goals profitably. The profit motive in the business world is strong. Profit is earned through understanding and understanding requires communication. Since it is necessary for TVET students to acquire the entrepreneurship skills along with the technical skills, it is therefore, imperative to seek ways of developing entrepreneurship skills among youths in globalised world. In the business world, effective interpersonal/communication enables people to realize the goals of the organization. It enables people in this complex modern world to work together, exchange products and services share and achieve goals profitably. The profit motive in the business world is strong. Profit is earned through understanding and understanding requires communication. Since it is necessary for TVET students to acquire the entrepreneurship skills along with the technical skills, it is therefore, imperative to seek ways of developing entrepreneurship skills among youths in globalised world. 15