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Biology Final Review Directions: Complete the following conversions 1. 5.65 cm = ______________ m 2. 28.5 mL = ______________cL 3. 16.3 m = _______________mm 4. 9.29 L = _______________mL 5. 326 kg = _________________g 6. A single factor tested in an experiment is called ___________. 7. A possible explanation for an event that takes place in nature is called a _____________. 8. Describing a compound using actual measurements is called a _______________ observation. 9. Describing a compound without using measurement is called a __________ observation. 10. Write the steps of the scientific method: 11. Scientists who study the possible effects of pesticides of organisms in a nearby river are studying problems at the __________ level. 12. One cell from each of two different individuals unites to produce the first cell of a new organism by _____________ reproduction. 13. Chemical reactions in an organism that build, or synthesize, complex molecules from less complex molecules are called _____________. 14. The sum of all chemical activities in an organism is called ______________. Short Answer: (1 point each) List the 5 Characteristics of Living Things: 15. 16 17. 18. 19. Matching (1 point each) Directions: Match each level of scientific study with the correct example. _____ _____ _____ _____ acids _____ 20. 21. 22. 23. Cellular Molecular Global Multicellular 24. Population Complete Symbol Atomic Number a. b. c. d. study effects of trapping on foxes study effects of air pollution study how radiation effects cells study of the formation of proteins from amino e. study why bears hibernate Mass Number 26 56 74 187 Protons Neutrons Electrons Al Zr2+ 72 38 47. A substance that is dissolved in a mixture is called a ______________. 48. An organic compound that contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio is called ________________. 49. A complex polymer of amino acids that builds and repairs cells is called a _______________. 50. A reaction in which small molecules join to form large molecules, white removing water is called _________________. 51. A ____________ is a reactant that binds to an enzyme. 52. List the four main organic compounds found in living things: 1. 2. 3. 4. 53. The process in which high energy electrons are transferred along a series of electron carrier molecules in a membrane is called _________. 54. Where do light reactions occur? 55. Kreb’s Cycle produces __________ molecules of ATP. 56. The net total ATP produced during glycolysis is _______________. 57. Write the equation for photosynthesis. 58. Write the equation for cellular respiration. 59. Write the equation for Lactic Acid Fermentation. 60. Write the equation for Alcoholic Fermentation. 61. The process of changing one strain of bacteria into another is called __________. 62. What type of organic molecule is DNA? 63. A nucleotide of DNA would contain what pieces? 64. If the code for an amino acid is ATG on the DNA molecule, this code on the tRNA molecule would be written as __________. 65. The decoding of mRNA message into a protein is known as _____________. 66. Each combination of three mucleotides on the messenger RNA is a _______________. 67. The manner in which cells store the program they pass from one generation to the next is called the ________________. 68. The process by which genetic material is absorbed from the environment and is added to or replaces part of a bacterium’s DNA is called______________________. 69. The three components that make up a nucleotide are: 1. 2. 3. 70. DNA stands for _______________ ______. 71. Watson and Crick discovered that the shape of DNA is _____________________. 72. Frederick Griffith was the first to discover that the transformation factor is _______. 73. A virus which only infects a bacterium is called a ____________________. 74. DNA contains 4 nitrogenous bases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 75. Which two belong to a group of compounds called purines?_______________ and ____________. 76. Which two belong to a group of compounds called pyrimidines?_____________ and _____________. 77. Complete the following DNA sequence by pairing bases. A– GCTAATCG78. To make a copy of DNA is called ____________________________. 79. The following are all requirements of photosynthesis except A. Sunlight B. Pigments C. Oxygen D. Energy-storing Compounds _____80. The process in which high energy electrons are transferred along a series of electron carrier molecules in a membrane is called A. Electron Transport B. Light Absorption C. Oxygen Production D. ATP Formation _____81. The process in which the energy stored in NADPH and ATP is used to produce glucose is called A. Photophosphorylation B. Dark Reaction C. Light Reaction D. Oxygen Production _____82. Which of the following is not a product of light reactions? A. water B. oxygen C. ATP D. NADPH _____83. Which of the following is a produced by dark reactions? A. ATP B. NADPH C. FADPH D. Glucose _____84. Where do light reactions occur? A. Photosynthetic Membrane B. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria D. Nucleus ______ 85. The Kreb’s Cycle produces ________ molecules of ATP. A. 2 B. 18 C. 36 D. 12 _____86. The net total ATP produced during glycolysis is A. 32 B. 36 C. 4 D. 2 ______87. Which of the following are not produced during alcoholic fermentation? A. alcohol B. pyruvic acid C. NAD + D. Carbon Dioxide ____88. How many molecules of ATP are produced through the Electron Transport Chain? A. 4 B. 32 C. 36 D. 2 89. Evolution is the __________________. A. Change of a species B. Change of a population C. Change over time D. Adaptation of a species 2. Evolutions does not occur unless something upsets a population’s A. Genotype B. Phenotype C. Camouflage D. Genetic equilibrium 3. A reason why two species of birds in the same area might not breed with each other is that they A. Have different mating behaviors B. Occupy the same niche C. Lack behavioral barriers D. Are genetically isolated 4. Farmers change the gene pool of a population by A. Artificial selection B. Adaptive radiation C. Natural selection D. Convergent evolution 5. The success of an organism in passing on its genes is a definition of A. Population B. Gene pool C. Niche D. Fitness 6. Similar organisms that breed with each other and produce fertile offspring in the natural environment make up a A. Species B. Gene pool C. Niche D. Population 7. New species usually form only when populations A. Have similar genes B. Have genetic drift C. Are isolated D. Are in adjoining niches 8. The evolution of one-hump and two-hump camels is probably the result of A. Convergent evolution B. Divergent evolution C. Genetic Drift D. Adaptations 9. The evolution of Darwin’s finches is an example of A. Equilibrium B. Artificial selection C. Adaptive Radiation D. Convergent evolution 10. Homologous structures, vestigial structures and embryology are all examples of __________ evidence for evolution. A. Physiological B. Functional C. Anatomical D. Cerebrospinal Fill in the blank. 11. The research vessel that Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands on was called ____________. 12. Darwin called the variety of plants and animals on earth the _____________________. 13. The physical and behavioral traits that enable organisms to survive are called _____________. 14. Structures that have a common origin but not necessarily a common function are called _____________. 15. Structures that seem to have little or no obvious purpose in an organism are called ______________. 16. Process in nature that overtime results in the survival of the fittest is called _____________. 17. A population where allele frequencies do not change from population to population is said to be at _________________. 18. A group of similar looking organisms that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring are called ____________. 19. A change in DNA that creates a great deal of variety from population to population is called _____________. 20. ____________________ states that a population will remain in genetic equilibrium if and only if certain criteria are met. 1. Taxonomists try to create taxa that group organisms according to a. Cell size b. Location c. Biologically important traits 2. From its name, you know that the organism Malus sylvestris must be a. In the genus sylvestris b. In the species Malus c. In the species sylvestris 3. In classification, all families of plants are grouped in the same a. Phyla b. Order c. Genus 4. If you observe a multicellular organism whose cell walls lack cellulose, it is a a. Fungus b. Plant c. Animal 5. Multicellular algae are classified in the kingdom a. Fungus b. Protist c. Plant 6. A heterotroph whose cell walls lack chlororphyll is a a. Fungus b. Plant c. Moneran 7. If an organism makes its own food, it must be a(n) a. Plant b. Autotroph c. Heterotroph 8. The organisms that led to the revision of Linnaeus’ original classification system were the a. Insects b. Dinosaurs c. Bacteria 9. The third smallest taxon in the Linnaen system of classification is the a. Species b. Order c. Family 10. If an organisms is a protist, it must be a(n) a. Prokaryote b. Eukaryote c. Heterotroph 11. A kingdom that contains prokaryotes is the a. Fungi b. Eubateria c. Protista 12. The only taxon with a clear biological identity is the a. Kindgom b. Phylum c. Species 13. The science of naming organisms and placing them in groups is called a. Biology b. Taxonomy c. Ornithology 14. The two-name system for classifying organisms was developed by a. Charles Darwin b. Thomas Edison c. Carolus Linnaeus 15. The largest taxon is a a. Kingdom b. Species c. Family 16. Acer rubrum and Acer palmatum are maple trees. What is the genus name for all maple trees? a. Acer b. rubrum c. palmatum Biology Final Review Chapter 1 Metric Conversions Scientific Method Chapter 2 Characteristics of Living Things Branches of Biology Parts of the Microscope Chapter 3 Physical properties vs. chemical properties Phases of matter Composition of matter Atomic Mass Atomic Number Atomic Structure Element, Isotope, Compound, Ions Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding Chapter 4 Mixture, Solution, suspension Acids vs Bases pH scale Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds (Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) Enzymes, Catalyst, Substrate, Active Site Chapter 5 Cell Theory Cell Organelles and their functions Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion Levels of Organization Chapter 6 Photosynthesis (products and reactants) ATP Light vs. Dark Reactions Glycolysis Respiration Fermentation Chapter 7 DNA vs. RNA Nucleotides Nitrogenous Bases of DNA vs. RNA DNA replication, transcription, translation, protein synthesis Codon vs. Anticodon mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Chapter 8 Steps of Mitosis Cell Cycle Cytokinesis Chapter 9 Purebred vs. Hybrid Punnett Squares Dominance vs. Recessiveness Gregor Mendel Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Steps of Meiosis Diploid vs. Haploid Chapter 10 Evolution Artificial Selection Natural Selection Divergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Homologous Structures Adaptations Chapter 15 Classification Carolus Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature Taxonomy Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genus, Species Six Kingdoms Chapter 17 Virus, Bacteriophage Lytic vs. Lysogenic Infection Prokaryote, Bacteria Shapes and names of Bacteria How do bacteria reproduce? Interferons, Antibiotics, Pathogen Chapter 18 Protist, Eukaryote Review Pg 390 Review Pg 400 Chapter 19 What is the principal role of fungi? Review the chart of pg 415 Hyphae, Mycelium, Stolons, Rhizoids Diseases caused by Fungi Chapter 20 Plant Transport Systems Dicots and Monocots Major Phylum