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Vocabulary for the Near East 1800-1200 BC Hittites: a member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria that flourished from circa 1700 to circa 1200 BC. They were the first to use iron. Anatolia: modern day Turkey Kassite: were a people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC Bronze Age: The Bronze Age in the ancient Near East began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC and lasted until around 1200 BC with the advent of the use of Iron. Iron Age: An age lasting from about 1,200 BC until AD 43 in which iron began to be wide spread Assyrians: a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and later empire of the ancient Near East. It existed as an independent state which began a system of trade with the Hittites from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC. It became prominent 750 BC until 612. Minoan: a non-Indo-European civilization which existed on the Island of Crete off the coast of Greece. They were displaced by the Mycenaean people. Minotaur: A half human and half bull monster which King Minos hid in a labyrinth. Heinrich Schliemann equated his discovery of the palace at Knossos with this legend and named it the Minoan civilization. Knossos: city on the island of Crete and the location of the Minoan Palace Mycenaean: Indo-European people who settled on the mainland of Greece around 1,600 BC. They are the fore-runners of the Greek civilization and probably intermixed with others to form the ancient Greek population. Heinrich Schliemann: archaeologist of the city of Mycenae Agamemnon: Leader of the Greek demoi who traveled to Troy to rescue his brother’s wife, Helen. Mycenae: City on the mainland of Greece and named after the famed conqueror of Troy, Agamemnon. H. Schliemann discovered a gold mask there and claimed it was the death mask of Agamemnon. Linear B: Writing system of the Mycenaean people which was copied from the Minoan’s script called Linear A. Pylos: location of archaeological remains of a Mycenaean settlement which helps give us information about what were Mycenaean ideas or artefacts present in the epics of Homer. Nestor was the leader of Pylos. Achaeans: the name given to the Greeks who battled against the Trojans. This name also shows up in Hittite records. Sea People: group of people of Achaean origin who migrated into the Near East. Some settled in Palestine (the Philistines) and some attacked the Hittite city of Troy. Vocabulary for the Near East 1200-500 BC Neo-Assyrian Empire: The Assyrian Empire that lasted from 911-627 BC. They were known for their brutal military campaigns and were the first civilization in Mesopotamia to extend its power beyond Mesopotamia (included: Egypt, Iran, Palestine, Syria, and northern Arabia!) Nineveh: Capital city of Assyria Tiglathpileser: Assyrian king responsible for creating the military genius behind Assyrian’s power. Mass deportation: taking an enemy from their land and placing them into a different location. This prevents them from uprising. Ashurbanipal: king of Assyria who built an extensive library with copies of the Epic of Gilgamesh in stash. Canaan: part of ancient Palestine between Jordan River & the Mediterranean —sometimes used to refer to all of ancient Palestine. The ancient Phoenicians were the original settlers of Canaan and called themselves Canannites. (Greeks gave them the name Phoenicians) Solomon: third king of Israel and developed a wealthy kingdom based on trade alliances David: second king of Israel and is responsible for creating a stable Israelite monarchy Israel: Hebrew kingdom established by Saul, solidified by David, and later will refer to the northern part of the kingdom when it divides after Solomon Judah: refers to the southern part of the Kingdom of Israel after it divides after Solomon First Temple: Solomon built the first temple due to the wealth he amassed via (by) trade networks Samaria: the capital of Judah Diaspora: the dispersion of Jews/Hebrews after the Babylonian Captivity Phoenician: group of Semitic people who lived in the Syrian area north of Israel. They began around 1500 BC and were largely over-run by other civilizations (Assyria, Neo-Babylon, Aramaeans) so they focused on colonizing in the Mediterranean areas west of the Levant coast. They created an alphabet based on consonant sounds which the Greeks would steal and add vowel sounds. Aramaean: Semitic people who settled into Canaan after the collapse in 1200 BC. Their language was used as the major trade language in the Near East until into AD well after the Romans conquered. Byblos: Phoenician city which was a distributor of books made out of papyrus. Those books were called Biblion or books from Byblos-the Greeks used it to refer to books and we get the word Bible. Carthage: Phoenician city which had a massive trade monopoly. It was mythological founded by Dido (Queen from Tyre) and was connected with Rome in a series of battles called the Punic Wars. Dates to know on the Test: Old Kingdom: 2686 BC – 2134 BC Middle Kingdom: 2030 BC and 1640 BC New Kingdom 1550’s BC -1070 BC Hittites: 1800 BC-1200 BC Kassites: 1600 BC -1155 BC Assyria: 911 BC-627 BC Minoan 1900BC -1450 BC Mycenaean: 1600 BC-1150 BC Israel: 1027 BC-724 BC (Northern Kingdom) and 1027-586 BC (Southern) Neo-Babylon: 626 BC- 539 BC Persia: 550BC -323 BC