* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Reconstruction - cloudfront.net
Lost Cause of the Confederacy wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Carpetbagger wikipedia , lookup
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era wikipedia , lookup
Radical Republican wikipedia , lookup
Reconstruction: The Dawn Without a Noon 1865 - 1877 The Problems of Peace o Even before the fighting was over the debate began over how to ___________ the shattered Union. o What were the main questions facing the decision makers regarding southern reconstruction? The Main Questions o How would the South be rebuilt ____________ and ________? o How would the _____ ______ be treated? o How would the former Confederate states be __________ to the Union? o ___ would control and direct the process of Reconstruction? The Fate of the Confederate Leaders o Many of the Confederate leaders were __________ at the end of the war. o _______________ was captured and put in irons – he will remain imprisoned for two years. o All were eventually ________ and even Jeff Davis was given his citizenship back – posthumously, over a hundred years later. Gone With the Wind o The southern economy was utterly _________ at the end of the war. o Plantations were choked with weeds, cities were ______ to the ground and factories and transportation were at a standstill. o The ___________ system was gone and with it over $2 billion in capital. The South Destroyed Southern Pride o Many in the South refused to believe they were beaten and held strongly to the belief that their _____ had been just. o Southerners also _______ to recognize the federal government in Washington as their own. o The ______________ would be incorporated into many southern state flags. The Fate of the Freedmen o Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War came haltingly and ________ in different parts of the conquered Confederacy. o Southern planters and slave owners used ________ as well as ___________ to keep blacks from being liberated. o Some blacks resisted liberation out of _______ to their masters, while others rose in ________ and looting against the defeated plantation owners. Day of Jubilee o Upon receiving emancipation many former slaves celebrated their liberation by changing their _____; going in search of lost loved ones; getting _______; or just getting up and moving “because they could.” Exodusters o While most former slaves stayed in the _____, some began to move north. o A popular destination was the new state of ______ – this exodus was ended when steamboat captains conspired to ______ to carry blacks across the Mississippi River. The Church and Education o Black churches, such as the ___________________________ Church became the focus the black community. o The church provided _______________ and most importantly became centers for _________ as former slaves sought what had long been denied them – the right to read. o Ethiopia Baptist Church built in 1865 o Learning to read………. The Freedmen’s Bureau o On March 3, 1865 Congress created the __________ ______ to provide food, clothing, medical care and education to the former slaves. o The Bureau, led by General Oliver O. ______, promised the freed slaves “forty acres and a mule.” o The Bureau did not come through on most of its promises, but it was successful in ________ over 200,000 former slaves to read. o In many cases the Bureau acted in cahoots with local ________ to keep blacks tied to the old plantations. o Southern whites saw the Bureau as _______ interference in state affairs with the purpose of overturning the ____________. o President Johnson agreed with these _____ ___________ views and tried to kill the agency. Presidential Reconstruction 1864-1866 Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan. o December 1863 - Lincoln announces his plans for reconstruction: o Since he believed that the Southern states had _____ really left the Union, he believed the process of reconstruction should be fairly ______________. o He would grant a ______ to nearly all supporters of the Confederacy if they took an oath of allegiance to the Union. o All must pledge to accept ____________. o Only certain high-ranking officials would not be pardoned. o When __________ of the voters in the 1860 presidential election took the oaths, the state could petition for reentry to the union. o The “Iron Clad” Oath o Lincoln did believe in the granting of ______________________ - especially for union soldiers. o But the former slaves were not ________ anything. Wade-Davis Bill o Passed by Congress in 1864, it called for a ________ of voters to take loyalty oaths - and to ___________ who had aided the Confederacy. o New state constitutions would have to guarantee ____________ to all blacks and all citizens. o Lincoln _____________ the bill, but signed the __________ ______ Bill creating the agency to protect and aid freed slaves. o Lincoln also worked to create the ______________ (it was ratified after his death in 1865) abolishing slavery everywhere in the US. o The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill revealed the deep differences between the ________ and the _________. The State Suicide Theory o Many ________ in Congress believed in the idea that the southern states had committed _________ _______ by seceding and therefore forfeited all their rights. o These Republican congressmen saw the south as _________ territory. o When Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865 and Andrew Johnson became president, radicals believed Andrew Johnson would share their desire to ______ the Planter Aristocracy. President Andrew Johnson o Johnson was a _____________ Democrat from Tennessee who _____ the aristocratic plantation class of the south but cared nothing for the ______. o He was known as a champion of the poor _______________. o President Andrew Johnson Presidential Reconstruction under Johnson o Congress was not in session when the war ended - so _______ began carrying out his own plans for reconstruction. o He issued a general _______ for all except the leadership class, who were disenfranchised. o He appointed Governors and ordered constitutional ___________ held. A Proclamation of Amnesty o The conventions were to ratify the 13th amendment and _________ the secession. o He wanted the ______ to continue to work for their ______________ and to take no interest in politics. o Blacks began forming their own ________ and _______ and began to petition for equal rights. o The 200,000 blacks that ______ for the union wanted the rights they had fought for. Southern Backlash. o New all white legislatures passed ___________ - designed to regulate and suppress the former slaves. o Their main purpose was to ensure a stable ____________. o Blacks were required to show proof of __________ and could ________, serve on a jury or testify against a white person. o Work Gangs in the South Northern Reaction o Many Northerners felt that the ease of Reconstruction and the plights of former slaves under the Black Codes led them to question who had really ___________. Sharecropping o For many blacks the new laws forced them into economic servitude as _____________ to their former masters. RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION (1867-1877) o Radicals complained that the new governments were controlled by _________ and refused to seat any recently elected southerners. o Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens o Republicans became concerned that the newly reconstructed states would return to the union with even ____ political power – blacks (who could not vote) were no longer to be counted as 3/5ths of a person. o Johnson announced on December 6, 1865 that reconstruction ________ and that all states had ratified a new constitution under his guidelines. The Clash with Johnson o In February 1866, Congress passed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau. o Johnson ______ the bill, which led to outrage in the halls of Congress. The Civil Rights Act o Congress then passed (over Johnson’s veto) the ________________ of 1866 - making all people born in the United States (except Indians) citizens - with all rights except the right to vote. The 14th Amendment o Congress then created the 14th Amendment making ___________ for all a part of the Constitution. It also barred former Confederate officeholders from holding state and national office. o Ratification of the 14th amendment became _________ for holding seats in Congress. o 10 out of the 11 former Confederate states _______ to ratify the 14th amendment – _________ would ratify and be the first to be readmitted to the Union. The 1866 Election o The 1866 congressional elections were _______ to both sides. o Whoever had a majority would control the _________ of Reconstruction – if the Republicans controlled ______ of the seats they could override any presidential veto. o The real root of the controversy between the president and congress was Johnson’s “10-percent” state governments and their ___________. Swinging ‘Round the Circle o Johnson, determined to gain a majority favorable to his policies, went on a disastrous ________ ____ that had the opposite effect and ultimately guaranteed the Republicans the 2/3rds majority. Radical Republican Principles and Programs o Radical Republicans insisted on a more radical form of reconstruction and reform of southern society by _____. o Thaddeus _______ and Charles ______ endorsed suffrage for all blacks and punishment for secession. Republican Moderates o The more ________ elements of the Republican Party had the upper hand and would reign in some of their more radical brethren. o They wanted to create a Republican ________ of non-secessionist whites and freed blacks in the south. o One thing that both moderates and radicals agreed on was that the freed slaves must be given the _____________ – even it meant using force. The Reconstruction Act of 1867. o Congress divided the south into five military districts - each to be commanded by a union general and occupied by union ______. o States had to ratify the __________ Amendment and state constitutions would have to guarantee _______________ the right to vote. o New state governments would now have both _____ and white members. The Fifteenth Amendment o Work now began in Congress to write an Amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing the _____ to ____ to all regardless of “race, color or previous condition of servitude.” Military Reconstruction 1867 – 1877 o While the use of ______ and military tribunals was clearly unconstitutional (see ex parte Milligan), the South began the process of creating constitutions guaranteeing Black suffrage. o Blacks vote for the first time o Once these conditions were met the states were readmitted to the Union. o As the states came back into the Union the “bluebellied” Yankee troops were removed and the states were “________” and “_______” whites were restored to power. o By 1877, in the deal over the ____________ election controversy, all of the South had been redeemed and the troops removed. o The South would remain solidly __________ for the next hundred years. No Women Voters o The question over Black suffrage now reopened the issue of ______ suffrage. o Many leading feminists, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony had been active in the _________ movement and had agreed to put their agendas on hold. o With the end of the war and the ratification of the 13th Amendment, they were now ready to again call for ______ suffrage. o But the 15th Amendment, as written, failed to call for voting guarantees based on ______. The Impeachment of Johnson o Congress, by now thoroughly annoyed with the “drunken tailor” in the White House, decided to try and _______ the president. o This would have elevated the Radical president pro-tempore of the Senate, Bed ____, to the presidency. o Congress passed the ______ of ______ Act in 1867- barring the president from removing from office any official. o Johnson then dismissed the Secretary of War, Edwin M. _______, an ally of the Radicals. o The _____ voted to impeach Johnson on the charge of violating the Tenure of Office Act. o He was tried by the House prosecutors before the Senate and was _________ by one vote. Seward’s Folly o Although reduced to caretaker status following the impeachment, Johnson was to have his greatest success during the impeachment crisis. o In 1867 Secretary of State Seward accomplished an enduring success in foreign relations for the Johnson administration when he purchased ______ from Russia. The Election of 1868 o Republican Ulysses S. _____ won the election of 1868, vowing to continue with Military Reconstruction. o Congress approved the 15th amendment prohibiting any state from limiting voting because of race. Realities of Reconstruction o By ____ all southern states had met the requirements for re-admission to the union. o Thousands of blacks joined the _____ ______ to be educated on the civic duties inherent in their new political rights. o __ African Americans sat in the House of Representatives and Mississippi had two black Senators. o African American women were involved in politics as well, except of course they still couldn’t vote. The Reconstruction governments o Radical Reconstruction state governments passed much desirable legislation and badly needed _______. o Most of these reforms where kept by the “_________” at the end of Reconstruction. o Despite these achievements these “radical” governments were known for __________ and _______. o The sorry truth was that political corruption during Reconstruction was present in both North and South. o Black codes were ________ and civil rights laws were passed. o Northern whites who went south after the war became known as _____________ to the southerners. o Native born southerners who joined the Republican party and aided Reconstruction were called _________. o Many former slaves, too poor to buy land, worked in the farming systems that replaced the plantations. o _____________ = renting land for a share of the crop. o Cotton was grown under the crop-lien system - people borrowed money on a future cotton crop. The Invisible Empire of the South o Southern whites fought against Reconstruction and sought to restore white supremacy through groups like the _____________ o The KKK members wore white sheets and used beatings, _____ tactics. and murder to “keep blacks in their place” that is, subservient to whites. o Racial Terrorism ……… o The “ knights” were successful in preventing both blacks and white "carpetbaggers" from ______. The Force Acts o The federal government passed the __________ of 1870 and 1871 - outlawing the use of terror to intimidate. o By 1872 most of the violence ended in the south. o In 1875 Congress passed a _________________making discrimination illegal in public accommodations - it will be found ________________ in 1883. Jim Crow o Most of the civil rights gains were eradicated by state laws that created the so-called Jim Crow laws to limit the rights of blacks. o Wholesale disenfranchisement of Blacks was firmly in place by 1890, with the use of ________ tests, ____ taxes and grandfather clauses. o “separate but equal” o The 1896 Supreme Court ruling in ______ v ________ will establish legal segregation in the South under the guise of “separate but equal” facilities. The End of Reconstruction o In the 1876 election, Republican Rutherford B. _____ and Democrat Samuel ______ ended in a tie when electoral votes were disputed. o The Compromise of 1877, which ended the electoral dispute, made the Republican Hayes president and in return the Democrats got the remaining ____________ out of the south. o Reconstruction formally ended in ____ when Hayes orders all union troops to barracks in the south. The Dawn Without Noon o Not until the 1950’s and 60’s would leaders such as Martin Luther King jr. help blacks regain _____________ in the South.