Download Reconstruction - cloudfront.net

Reconstruction: The Dawn Without a Noon
1865 - 1877











The Problems of Peace
o Even before the fighting was over the debate began over how to ___________ the shattered
Union.
o What were the main questions facing the decision makers regarding southern reconstruction?
The Main Questions
o How would the South be rebuilt ____________ and ________?
o How would the _____ ______ be treated?
o How would the former Confederate states be __________ to the Union?
o ___ would control and direct the process of Reconstruction?
The Fate of the Confederate Leaders
o Many of the Confederate leaders were __________ at the end of the war.
o _______________ was captured and put in irons – he will remain imprisoned for two years.
o All were eventually ________ and even Jeff Davis was given his citizenship back –
posthumously, over a hundred years later.
Gone With the Wind
o The southern economy was utterly _________ at the end of the war.
o Plantations were choked with weeds, cities were ______ to the ground and factories and
transportation were at a standstill.
o The ___________ system was gone and with it over $2 billion in capital.
The South Destroyed
Southern Pride
o Many in the South refused to believe they were beaten and held strongly to the belief that their
_____ had been just.
o Southerners also _______ to recognize the federal government in Washington as their own.
o The ______________ would be incorporated into many southern state flags.
The Fate of the Freedmen
o Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War came haltingly and ________ in
different parts of the conquered Confederacy.
o Southern planters and slave owners used ________ as well as ___________ to keep blacks from
being liberated.
o Some blacks resisted liberation out of _______ to their masters, while others rose in ________
and looting against the defeated plantation owners.
Day of Jubilee
o Upon receiving emancipation many former slaves celebrated their liberation by changing their
_____; going in search of lost loved ones; getting _______; or just getting up and moving
“because they could.”
Exodusters
o While most former slaves stayed in the _____, some began to move north.
o A popular destination was the new state of ______ – this exodus was ended when steamboat
captains conspired to ______ to carry blacks across the Mississippi River.
The Church and Education
o Black churches, such as the ___________________________ Church became the focus the
black community.
o The church provided _______________ and most importantly became centers for _________ as
former slaves sought what had long been denied them – the right to read.
o Ethiopia Baptist Church built in 1865
o Learning to read……….
The Freedmen’s Bureau






o On March 3, 1865 Congress created the __________ ______ to provide food, clothing, medical
care and education to the former slaves.
o The Bureau, led by General Oliver O. ______, promised the freed slaves “forty acres and a
mule.”
o The Bureau did not come through on most of its promises, but it was successful in ________
over 200,000 former slaves to read.
o In many cases the Bureau acted in cahoots with local ________ to keep blacks tied to the old
plantations.
o Southern whites saw the Bureau as _______ interference in state affairs with the purpose of
overturning the ____________.
o President Johnson agreed with these _____ ___________ views and tried to kill the agency.
Presidential Reconstruction 1864-1866
Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan.
o December 1863 - Lincoln announces his plans for reconstruction:
o Since he believed that the Southern states had _____ really left the Union, he believed the
process of reconstruction should be fairly ______________.
o He would grant a ______ to nearly all supporters of the Confederacy if they took an oath of
allegiance to the Union.
o All must pledge to accept ____________.
o Only certain high-ranking officials would not be pardoned.
o When __________ of the voters in the 1860 presidential election took the oaths, the state could
petition for reentry to the union.
o The “Iron Clad” Oath
o Lincoln did believe in the granting of ______________________ - especially for union soldiers.
o But the former slaves were not ________ anything.
Wade-Davis Bill
o Passed by Congress in 1864, it called for a ________ of voters to take loyalty oaths - and to
___________ who had aided the Confederacy.
o New state constitutions would have to guarantee ____________ to all blacks and all citizens.
o Lincoln _____________ the bill, but signed the __________ ______ Bill creating the agency to
protect and aid freed slaves.
o Lincoln also worked to create the ______________ (it was ratified after his death in 1865) abolishing slavery everywhere in the US.
o The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill revealed the deep differences between the
________ and the _________.
The State Suicide Theory
o Many ________ in Congress believed in the idea that the southern states had committed
_________ _______ by seceding and therefore forfeited all their rights.
o These Republican congressmen saw the south as _________ territory.
o When Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865 and Andrew Johnson became president, radicals
believed Andrew Johnson would share their desire to ______ the Planter Aristocracy.
President Andrew Johnson
o Johnson was a _____________ Democrat from Tennessee who _____ the aristocratic plantation
class of the south but cared nothing for the ______.
o He was known as a champion of the poor _______________.
o President Andrew Johnson
Presidential Reconstruction under Johnson
o Congress was not in session when the war ended - so _______ began carrying out his own plans
for reconstruction.
o He issued a general _______ for all except the leadership class, who were disenfranchised.
o He appointed Governors and ordered constitutional ___________ held.











A Proclamation of Amnesty
o The conventions were to ratify the 13th amendment and _________ the secession.
o He wanted the ______ to continue to work for their ______________ and to take no interest in
politics.
o Blacks began forming their own ________ and _______ and began to petition for equal rights.
o The 200,000 blacks that ______ for the union wanted the rights they had fought for.
Southern Backlash.
o New all white legislatures passed ___________ - designed to regulate and suppress the former
slaves.
o Their main purpose was to ensure a stable ____________.
o Blacks were required to show proof of __________ and could ________, serve on a jury or
testify against a white person.
o Work Gangs in the South
Northern Reaction
o Many Northerners felt that the ease of Reconstruction and the plights of former slaves under the
Black Codes led them to question who had really ___________.
Sharecropping
o For many blacks the new laws forced them into economic servitude as _____________ to their
former masters.
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION (1867-1877)
o Radicals complained that the new governments were controlled by _________ and refused to
seat any recently elected southerners.
o Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens
o Republicans became concerned that the newly reconstructed states would return to the union
with even ____ political power – blacks (who could not vote) were no longer to be counted as
3/5ths of a person.
o Johnson announced on December 6, 1865 that reconstruction ________ and that all states had
ratified a new constitution under his guidelines.
The Clash with Johnson
o In February 1866, Congress passed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
o Johnson ______ the bill, which led to outrage in the halls of Congress.
The Civil Rights Act
o Congress then passed (over Johnson’s veto) the ________________ of 1866 - making all people
born in the United States (except Indians) citizens - with all rights except the right to vote.
The 14th Amendment
o Congress then created the 14th Amendment making ___________ for all a part of the
Constitution. It also barred former Confederate officeholders from holding state and national
office.
o Ratification of the 14th amendment became _________ for holding seats in Congress.
o 10 out of the 11 former Confederate states _______ to ratify the 14th amendment – _________
would ratify and be the first to be readmitted to the Union.
The 1866 Election
o The 1866 congressional elections were _______ to both sides.
o Whoever had a majority would control the _________ of Reconstruction – if the Republicans
controlled ______ of the seats they could override any presidential veto.
o The real root of the controversy between the president and congress was Johnson’s “10-percent”
state governments and their ___________.
Swinging ‘Round the Circle
o Johnson, determined to gain a majority favorable to his policies, went on a disastrous ________
____ that had the opposite effect and ultimately guaranteed the Republicans the 2/3rds majority.
Radical Republican Principles and Programs







o Radical Republicans insisted on a more radical form of reconstruction and reform of southern
society by _____.
o Thaddeus _______ and Charles ______ endorsed suffrage for all blacks and punishment for
secession.
Republican Moderates
o The more ________ elements of the Republican Party had the upper hand and would reign in
some of their more radical brethren.
o They wanted to create a Republican ________ of non-secessionist whites and freed blacks in the
south.
o One thing that both moderates and radicals agreed on was that the freed slaves must be given the
_____________ – even it meant using force.
The Reconstruction Act of 1867.
o Congress divided the south into five military districts - each to be commanded by a union general
and occupied by union ______.
o States had to ratify the __________ Amendment and state constitutions would have to guarantee
_______________ the right to vote.
o New state governments would now have both _____ and white members.
The Fifteenth Amendment
o Work now began in Congress to write an Amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing the _____
to ____ to all regardless of “race, color or previous condition of servitude.”
Military Reconstruction 1867 – 1877
o While the use of ______ and military tribunals was clearly unconstitutional (see ex parte
Milligan), the South began the process of creating constitutions guaranteeing Black suffrage.
o Blacks vote for the first time
o Once these conditions were met the states were readmitted to the Union.
o As the states came back into the Union the “bluebellied” Yankee troops were removed and the
states were “________” and “_______” whites were restored to power.
o By 1877, in the deal over the ____________ election controversy, all of the South had been
redeemed and the troops removed.
o The South would remain solidly __________ for the next hundred years.
No Women Voters
o The question over Black suffrage now reopened the issue of ______ suffrage.
o Many leading feminists, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony had been active
in the _________ movement and had agreed to put their agendas on hold.
o With the end of the war and the ratification of the 13th Amendment, they were now ready to
again call for ______ suffrage.
o But the 15th Amendment, as written, failed to call for voting guarantees based on ______.
The Impeachment of Johnson
o Congress, by now thoroughly annoyed with the “drunken tailor” in the White House, decided to
try and _______ the president.
o This would have elevated the Radical president pro-tempore of the Senate, Bed ____, to the
presidency.
o Congress passed the ______ of ______ Act in 1867- barring the president from removing from
office any official.
o Johnson then dismissed the Secretary of War, Edwin M. _______, an ally of the Radicals.
o The _____ voted to impeach Johnson on the charge of violating the Tenure of Office Act.
o He was tried by the House prosecutors before the Senate and was _________ by one vote.
Seward’s Folly
o Although reduced to caretaker status following the impeachment, Johnson was to have his
greatest success during the impeachment crisis.






o In 1867 Secretary of State Seward accomplished an enduring success in foreign relations for the
Johnson administration when he purchased ______ from Russia.
The Election of 1868
o Republican Ulysses S. _____ won the election of 1868, vowing to continue with Military
Reconstruction.
o Congress approved the 15th amendment prohibiting any state from limiting voting because of
race.
Realities of Reconstruction
o By ____ all southern states had met the requirements for re-admission to the union.
o Thousands of blacks joined the _____ ______ to be educated on the civic duties inherent in their
new political rights.
o __ African Americans sat in the House of Representatives and Mississippi had two black
Senators.
o African American women were involved in politics as well, except of course they still couldn’t
vote.
The Reconstruction governments
o Radical Reconstruction state governments passed much desirable legislation and badly needed
_______.
o Most of these reforms where kept by the “_________” at the end of Reconstruction.
o Despite these achievements these “radical” governments were known for __________ and
_______.
o The sorry truth was that political corruption during Reconstruction was present in both North and
South.
o Black codes were ________ and civil rights laws were passed.
o Northern whites who went south after the war became known as _____________ to the
southerners.
o Native born southerners who joined the Republican party and aided Reconstruction were called
_________.
o Many former slaves, too poor to buy land, worked in the farming systems that replaced the
plantations.
o _____________ = renting land for a share of the crop.
o Cotton was grown under the crop-lien system - people borrowed money on a future cotton crop.
The Invisible Empire of the South
o Southern whites fought against Reconstruction and sought to restore white supremacy through
groups like the _____________
o The KKK members wore white sheets and used beatings, _____ tactics. and murder to “keep
blacks in their place” that is, subservient to whites.
o Racial Terrorism ………
o The “ knights” were successful in preventing both blacks and white "carpetbaggers" from
______.
The Force Acts
o The federal government passed the __________ of 1870 and 1871 - outlawing the use of terror to
intimidate.
o By 1872 most of the violence ended in the south.
o In 1875 Congress passed a _________________making discrimination illegal in public
accommodations - it will be found ________________ in 1883.
Jim Crow
o Most of the civil rights gains were eradicated by state laws that created the so-called Jim Crow
laws to limit the rights of blacks.
o Wholesale disenfranchisement of Blacks was firmly in place by 1890, with the use of ________
tests, ____ taxes and grandfather clauses.


o “separate but equal”
o The 1896 Supreme Court ruling in ______ v ________ will establish legal segregation in the
South under the guise of “separate but equal” facilities.
The End of Reconstruction
o In the 1876 election, Republican Rutherford B. _____ and Democrat Samuel ______ ended in a
tie when electoral votes were disputed.
o The Compromise of 1877, which ended the electoral dispute, made the Republican Hayes
president and in return the Democrats got the remaining ____________ out of the south.
o Reconstruction formally ended in ____ when Hayes orders all union troops to barracks in the
south.
The Dawn Without Noon
o Not until the 1950’s and 60’s would leaders such as Martin Luther King jr. help blacks regain
_____________ in the South.