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Explaining Language Development - B.F. Skinner o Operant Conditioning Born with innate ability for language – however, we acquire language through interactions with others: Associations Imitation Reinforcement - Noam Chomsky (Linguist) o Inborn Universal Grammar/ Language Acquisition Device Once grammar switches are thrown learning new grammar (another language) becomes difficult Our brain constrains how we learn language – it comes pre-wired to look for certain grammatical rules Gradual changes in network connections can occur based on experience Language Influences Thinking - Whorf’s Hypothesis – Linguistic Determinism o definition - language determines the way we think o Learn a language, learn about a culture. Ex. English vs. Japanese, view of death Can we think without language? - Ideas precede words o We often think in images and not words Athletics Music Mental Rehearsal for academics Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thoughts. Do animals think? - Multiple studies suggest that they do: o Monkeys and double take o Caged chimp and sticks o Learning through reinforcement Forest-dwelling chimps with tools and termites Were able to find at least 39 local customs related to tool use. Do animals learn language? - study with honey bees o straight line of dance = direction in relation to the sun, o duration = distance Communicate, but not through language. Human language may have evolved from gestured communication. o hard to talk without hands o Koko, sign language Skeptics/Critics: o limited vocabulary, great difficulty o just operant conditioning or language o use phrases interchangeably, do they really know what they mean? o Trainers may use perceptual set to make ambiguous information meaningful – are they making more than it is