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GCSE RE OUTLINE SCHEME OF WORK. Words in bold type refer to basic key terms that should be understood. NB. While only the major class-set text books are referred to here, a large number of other resources exist for both areas of the topic. Teachers should tailor their use of resources to the needs of the group! Area of study Key concepts to be covered The Sanctity of Life. 1) Sanctity of life. The key idea is that life is precious; generally considered so in most societies. Christians tend to go beyond this, and see it as “Sacred”; i.e. special because it is given by God. This is particularly true of Human Life. Biblical quotes: Psalm 139:13-16. Genesis 1:26-27 1 Corinthians 3:1617 Deuteronomy 5:17. Jeremiah 1:5 Xtian perspectives, p30-31. 2) Abortion. Define abortion. Outline the key issues surrounding abortion; when does human life begin; at what stage does this activity become the killing of a human? Outline the two main points of view; Pro-Life & Pro-choice (n.b. not “pro abortion” per se). Include information on groups; Life, SPUC, BPAS. Then cover Christian attitudes to both of those. Including Church teachings (esp Humanae vitae). Remember to cover the sorts of things that Christians can do, to express their point of view. Key idea; , for pro-choice. Powerpoint; “When does life begin” Abortion clinic video. Abortion law handouts. Biblical quotes: Pro-Life: Psalm 139:13-16. 1 Corinthians 3:1617 Deuteronomy 5:17. Jeremiah 1:5 Pro-Choice: Matthew 5:44. Matthew 7:1 Internet research on groups. Xtianity in today’s world,15-19 Xtian perspectives, 36-42 Attitudes to Abortion Resources 3) Fertility treatment & IVF & embryology. Outline the key facts of this area; then explore moral issues; is this always just good? Re-cap pro choice\ pro life views, most of the Christian points of view are the same as for abortion. 4) Euthanasia. Dying & it’s nature. Describe what euthanasia is. 4 Main types; Active Passive Voluntary Involuntary Then explore the arguments for and against. Many of these are based upon previously discussed ethical arguments. Cover the Hospice movement in some detail; particularly relevant as established as a Christian response to the possibility of euthanasia. Biblical quotes: As above Xtianity in today’s world, p12-14. Xtian perspectives, p34-35 Video; Herbie’s death. Re-cap on life after death work in year 9. Biblical quotes: 1 Corinthians 3:1617 Deuteronomy 5:17 Matthew 5:44. Matthew 7:1 Xtianity in today’s world,p 20-25 Xtian perspectives, 46-50. How do Christians put these beliefs into action? In discussion they might show their opinions, and justify those by appeal to the Bible.# Pro-Life Join pro-life organisations & be active within it: Writing, Preparing websites etc. Take part in protest activities, including writing to MPs, marches, picketing clinics etc. Lobby to change laws (particularly the USA). Pray about the issue – asking for God’s help for the foetuses & pregnant women. Lobby for proper sex education, organise education for young people, work as counsellors and volunteers. Offer financial support to those considering abortion. Suggest Adoption. Pro-Choice. Practice Exam questions Join a group campaigning for the right to choose. Support organisations offering counselling. Explain point of view referring to scripture. Pray Prioritise sex education. a) Describe Christian teaching which might be used in a discussion about Abortion. b) Explain how a Christian might respond to someone who asked for euthanasia to end a painful illness. c) “Doctors should preserve life in all circumstances” Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. a) Describe and explain Christian teachings that might be used in a discussion about abortion. b) Explain how Christian teachings might affect attitudes towards using contracpetion. c) “Llife and death are personal matters and nothing to do with religion”. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. Coursework a) 1) When does life begin? Make sure that you include different ethical and legal issues. 2) What Biblical and Church teachings might Christians bring to a discussion about when life begins? b) The British Pregnancy Advisory Service plan to build a new clinic in Devon. Write two letters to the editor of the Western Morning News: From a concerned Christian who believes that abortion is always wrong. From a concerned Christian who believes that it is important that this service will enable young women to exercise their choice. Try to express their ideas as carefully and thoroughly as possible, using ideas from the Bible, and Christian tradition. c)"Life is precious & sacred from the moment of conception." Do you agree? Make sure that you give reasons to support your answer. Make sure that you include different points of view, and that you refer to Christianity in your answer. Buddha & Dharma Introduce with the concept of the 3 Jewels \ Refuges. Buddha (the enlightened one) Dharma (the teaching) Sangha (the community) Why might Buddhists consider these to be “Jewels \ refuges”. The life of the Buddha; brief biography concentrating on upbringing, the four sights, and the reaction to that culminating in enlightenment. Powerpoint; the 3 Jewels. & Handout, the 3 refuges. Powerpoint; the life of the Buddha Video; the animated life of the Buddha. “Buddhism a new approach”, p8-12 What is enlightenment like? “Buddhism a new approach”,p.13. Powerpoint; “Candle” Then cover the basics of the dharma: 3 Marks of life: Anicca (Impermanence) Anatta (no self) & Skandhas Dukkha (Life is unsatisfactory) “Buddhism a new approach”,p20-21 “Looking for Happiness” particularly helpful on Anatta. &“Buddhism a new approach”, p26. Video “Belief file – Impermanence” 4 Noble truths: Dukkha Samudaya \ Tanha Nirodha Magga Noble 8 fold path; Right View, Intention, Speech, Action, Livelihood, Effort, Mindfulness, Concentration. Divided according to Prajna (Wisdom), Sila (morality), Samadhi (Mental training). Group research & presentation may effectively be used for this. Other key ideas – Karma & Re-birth. Rebecoming is the way that Buddhists perceive ongoing existence – it is not “you” that is reborn, as there is no “you”, but something subtle does contine. Being born as a human is a rare and precious event. The Tibetan of Wheel of life, as an illustration. Karma can be thought of as the effects of positive and negative actions continuing into the future – not necessarily within one lifetime. Group presentation and reseach may be used effectively for this. “Buddhism a new approach”, p22-23. “Buddhism a new approach”,p24-25 Video “Belief file” – Meditation. Powerpoint The Buddhist experience 16 Buddhism for Today 38-39. Animated wheel of life – Buddhanet. Buddhism a new approach 22-26 The Buddhist experience 16 Practice Exam questions a) Outline the way that Buddha taught people to put an end to suffering. (The Eightfold Path) b) Describe and explain the Buddha’s teaching on the reason for suffering (the Four Noble Truths) c) “There is no such thing as a self” (Anatta) Do you agree with this? Give reasons to support your answer, and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Buddhism in your answer a) What are the three Jewels \ Refuges of Buddhism, and why are they important to Buddhists. b) When Siddartha left his palace he saw four things on the road, what were they, and why did they have such an impact upon him? c) “Western society is able to deal with illness, suffering and death, so Buddhism has nothing to teach us” Do you agree with this? Give reasons to support your answer, and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Buddhism in your answer. a) Describe the noble eightfold path. b) Explain how Buddhists try to apply Right Speech in their daily lives. c) “You have to be a monk or a nun to follow the eightfold path succesfully”. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your ansewr and show that you have thought about different points of view. Relationships Begin with discussion of what relationships are; use concentric circle diagram to plot closeness of relationships. Sex Contrast Conservative and Liberal views, both supported by the bible. Liberal view is that sex is a glorious gift from God, for enjoyment, and to celebrate loving relationships. (Based upon “Song of Songs”). Conservative view is that sex is for the procreation of children, within marriage. (Based upon Thomas Aquinas’ natural theology, where things are described as good, if they fit their purpose; for Aquinas (a celibate) sex was for making Song of Songs. Xtianity in today’s world,p36 & 37 Video “Belief file, Issues- Sexuality”. Video “WitnessSaving from Homosexuality” (Upper ability). babies, anything else is wrong. Also Pauline theology; the division between (flesh) and (spirit). Paul taught that Christians should overcome their “fleshly” interests and appetites, and strive to be more spiritual, for him, celibacy is the ideal Christian state). Humanae Vitae continues to outlaw artificial contraception for catholics. Marriage. Christian marriage in this country is a combination of both Legal and Sacramental. (Sacramental meaning that the couple are joined by God, in a permanent, spiritual union). The Legal side may be broken by divorce, the sacramental side, generally speaking, may not. Purposes of marriage; Mutual support & comfort. Bearing Children Right relationship for sex. Ideas & symbols of a marriage service. Divorce & remarriage. Recognising that sometimes relationships do break down. The teaching of Jesus; divorce to be avoided. Church attitudes; Catholic; No divorce, rarely an annulment. Will not remarry divorcees. CofE; Up to the individual priest, but generally, does not remarry divorcees, but acknowledges that sometimes divorce is a reality. Methodist. Will re-marry divorcees, tends to concentrate on the forgiveness aspect. Family relationships. Different types of family; Nuclear, Extended, Single. Discuss “traditional roles” then use the biblical quotations opposite to Xtian perspectives, 14 What do you think sheet. Genesis 2:23-24 Matthew 5:31-32 Xtian perspectives, 15-17. & 24-27 Xtianity in today’s world,p 38-39 Matthew 5:31-32 Xtian perspectives, 21-23. Xtianity in today’s world,p 43-44 Ephesians 5:22-24 Colossians 3:18-19 Galatians 3:28 Proverbs 31:1031:31 research Christian teaching on the nature of family relationships. This rather conservative view can be counter pointed with text book interview material. Ephesians 6:1 Exodus 20:12 Colossians 3:21 Proverbs 29:15 & 17 Xtian perspectives, 18-21. Xtianity in today’s world,p 40-42 How do Christians put these ideas into practice. Practice Exam questions a) Describe two different Christian Beliefs about remarriage after divorce. b) Explain how and why a Christian might support the work of an organisation which provides counselling for people who are having difficulties in their relationships. c) “There is nothing wrong with living together and having children together without getting married”. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. Christians might pray together as a family. Try to live their lives according to biblical teachings. Support Family values. Join church organisations to support the family – Mother’s Union etc. Work for RELATE , or CMAC. Pray for, and counsel those suffering difficulties in their marriage. a) Describe Christian teaching about the relationship between men and women. b) Describe how a couple’s Christian faith might effect the way that they bring up their children. c) “Christians need the support of others to keep their faith strong.” Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. The Sangha Literally means “the community” in the sense of the community of all those practising the dharma, but is usually used to describe full time religious; monks (bikkhus) and nuns (bikkhunis). (NB These terms, and most of the others in this section on the Sangha are Therevadin; other traditions have monasticism, but they are sometimes very different). Joining the Sangha. Students should know about the traditional requirements (healthy, unattached & free from debt) & ways of joining the Sangha; dressing up as a young prince, to symbolise Siddartha’s journey through life. Reciting the three Jewels & Ten precepts before an older monk, then shaving the head & donning an orange robe made of three pieces of cloth. Limited possessions; robe, alms bowl (NOT begging bowl), needle, water strainer & razor. Video; Making of a monk “Buddhism a new approach”,p79-84 Life in the Sangha. Discipline, daily routine, meditation, the alms round. Vinaya pittaka & ten precepts (recap the first five & then do the rest). Uposatha days, role in the community. Role of the Vihara. Why monasticism? The precious nature of Human Birth, Therevadin teaching that you have to make the most of it to reach enlightenment. Video; Making of a monk “Buddhism a new approach”,p79-84 “Buddhism a new approach”,p64-65 & 78-79. Buddhism for Today 42-43 The Buddhist experience 12-13. Practice Exam questions a) Describe the ceremony in which a Buddhist becomes a monk or a nun. b) Explain how following the lifestyle of a monk or a nun might help a Buddhist become enlightened. c) “There is no need for monks and nuns in modern society” Do you agree with this? Give reasons to support your answer, and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Buddhism in your answer. Buddhist Rites of Passage & Festivals Generally speaking Rites of passage are comparatively unimportant in Buddhism. Anicca and anatta mean that changes in life are to be expected, not celebrated. Also that there are far more constant changes going on, which rites of passage usually do not mark. While birth is celebrated, there is no specific ceremony. In many traditions, coming of age is celebrated by entering the Sangha, even if only for a short while. Modern World Religions, Buddhism (Foundation) 44-45 Marriage services may be offered by some traditions, and celebrations take place, but for many the Sangha & celibacy are superior in the search for enlightenment. Modern world religions, Buddhism (Foundation) 46-47 Death is marked; usually by cremation, often with meditation in front of the coffin or corpse, to remind the mourners that Death is inevitable for them as well. More important teachers may have their photographs placed upon shrines, or a stupa built over their ashes. Death is more marked in Vajrayana, with the practice of sky burial, and belief in the Bardo state which is intermediate between this life & the next. (Also Tulkus; direct reincarnations of bodhisattvas) Festivals: Cover the main ones: (Therevadin) Wesak (commemorates birth\enlightenment\death of Buddha) Vassa (commemorates the turning of the wheel of the law) New Year (symbolises fresh start) (Mahayana) O-bon (commemorates the deceased) Uposatha Days. Days for the Sangha to meet and read the 227 rules in the Vinaya Pitaka. Modern world religions, Buddhism (Foundation) p4849 “Buddhism a new approach”,p72. Buddhism for today 58-59 Sky burial sequence in Video; “Kundun” “Buddhism a new approach”,p117 “Buddhism a new approach”,p79-84 “Buddhism a new approach”,p88-89 “Buddhism a new approach”,p102 “Buddhism a new approach”,p84 Practice Exam questions Prejudice & Equality a) Describe what Terevada Buddhists do on Uposatha days. b) Explain how pilgrimage might benefit a Buddhist. c) “Festivals and pilgrimages are unneccessary”. Do you agree? Give reasons to show that you have thoguht about different points of view. Start off with the literal meaning of “Prejudice” – judging before receiving information. The underlying point for Christians is a fundamental belief in equality, although this may not have been expressed in Christianity in the past. Racism. Christian attitude is that racism is unacceptable – all are children of God, and should be treated equally (though worth pointing out that, in two notably racist socieities – South Africa & USA, the church was heavily invovled as a racist oppressor). Study of one of (preferably both) Martin Luther King & Trevor Huddlestone. Life & accomplishments are important , but more important are the facts that: They did what they did because of Christian belief, and their technique (non-violence) was inspired by Christianity as well. Sexism There is consdierable diversity in Christian teaching here – some churches contiue to be sexist in that they take many of their teachings direct from biblical practices, refelcting a belief in Female inferiority. Others are more equal, concentrating upon Biblical teachings that stress equality. This may be seen in such simple things as the Christian Perspectives, p5271 Leviticus 19:33-34 Deuteronomy 24:14-15 Luke 10:25-37 (Good Samaritan) Colossians 3:11 Galatians 3:26-28 James 2:1-9 Christianity in focus p49-53 Christian Persepctives 59-61 Christian Persepctives p 6570 Christianity in focus 54-59 Exodus 20:17 1 Timothy 2:9-12 Judges 4:4-5 inclusion of “Obey” in the marriage vows, or positions of leadership. Women priests in the C Of E – is an issue that can be examined. Key problems were – Tradition, in the sense that Men were traditionally priests, many Christians feeling uncomfortable about this departure. Ecumenism – Unpopular with the catholic traditon, therefore a barrier to closer cooperation with Rome. Biblical teaching – Pauline proscriptions against women teaching in church. Sacramental – the idea that women could not represent Jesus at the celebration of the Eucharist as they were not male. Homosexuality. Spectrum of diverse opinions within Christianity upon sexual activity. Broad range from: 1. Homosexuality is absolutley wrong- against the will of God, unnatural and sinful. 2. Homosexual tendencies are acceptable, sexual activity is not. 3. Homosexaul relationships are okay provided that they are judged by the standards of all human relationships. 4. Homosexuality is a wonderful god-given gift to be celebrated. How do Christians put these beliefs into action. Christianity in focus 45-48 Make a special effort not to judge people until they know them At work ensure that equal opportunities policies are followed. Bring up their children to share their points of view Pray about these issues Join organisations which work for equality. Use political power to work for equality Join peaceful protest. Practice Exam questions a) Describe and explain christian teachings that might be used in a discussion about Gender equality. b) Explain how and why some Christians have used non-violent protest when working for justice. c) “Helping to get justice for people is more important than spending time in worship and prayer” Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that youhave thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. a) Describe the teachings that Christians might use to support their attitudes to racial prejudice. b) Explain how one well known Christian worked to overcome prejudice and discrimination. c) “People who want everyone to have equal rights must be prepared to use violence”. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that youhave thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. Meditation, Puja, Meditation. Begin by referring back to earlier work on the Sangha and Eightfold Path. Meditation is one of the key practices of Buddhism as it encompasses Mindfulness & Concentration. (Although to an observer they may seem the same, they are different mental processes). Meditation is probaly the most important thing about being in the Sangha – people join in order to have time and space to learn to meditate properly. Types of Meditation: Samatha – Focussing the mind upon one object of concentration, usually selected to complement the practitioner’s character, beginners usually start with the breath. May be done seated or waling, may focus on one of the Brahma Viharas (Sublime states) Metta – Loving Kindness Karuna – Active Compassion Mudita – Sympathetic Joy Meditation sheet/ Modern world religions (Buddhism / Foundation) 28-29. Buddhist experience 30-31 Buddhism for today 36-37. Buddhism, a new approach 45 Buddhism, a new approach 46 Upekkha – Peace and Serenity. Buddhism, a new Vipassana practice focusses on approach 47 examining your mind as though you were an outside observer; what is my mind doing, and why is it doing it? Where do these thoughts come from? Mantras – powerful utterances. Found in Vajrayana (Esp “Om mane padme hum”) and Pure Land (“Namu Amida Butsu”), as well as more modern forms of Buddhism such as Sokka Gakkai (“Nyam Myoho Renge Kyo”). The idea is that the repetition of the mantra wears through the veil of conditioning which prevents enlightenment, like drops of water eroding a rock. Buddhism, a new approach 48 Buddhism, a new approach 49 Zazen. Sitting meditaiton from the Japanese tradition – probably best left until covering Zen. Tantric Visualisation. Seeing significant images in the mind to change consciousness – leave until exploring Tibetan Buddhism. Puja Sanskrit word meaning “worship”, this is not actually what happens in Buddhism, but it is usually about respecting the acheivement of the Buddha in reaching enlightenment. Key idea is that Puja involves the senses and emotions in the quest for enlightenment. Key features of a shrine room – Buddha rupa Flowers Water Candles Incense Bell Buddhism for today 54 Buddhist experience 26-29 Modern world religions 30-31 Buddhism, a new approach 50 Practice Exam questions Schools of Buddhism Food Scriptures Toba (Japanese) Photographs of spiritual masters. a) Describe the main features of a Buddhist Temple b) Explain how visiting a temple might affect the life of a Buddhist. c) “Buddhists need to worship together” Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer, and show that you have thought about different points of view. Refer to Buddhism in your answer. Therevada Therevada. information sheet Therevada means “way of the Buddhism, a new elders”, as the name implies it is approach, 79-89 probably the oldest form of Buddhism, and the emphasis upon Modern world religions 21 personal striving for Discovering world enlightenment through living in religions, the Sangha is close to the life of Buddhism the Buddha and his disciples. It is (Foundation 18-19 known as “Hinayana” by other Buddhist Buddhists – small vehicle, the experience 14-15 Buddhism for implication is that it can only today 46-47 carry one person to Video; Making of a enlightenment. Most of the work monk that we’ve done so far looks at Therevada, as it is the form of Buddhism that has inspired the most text books, so much of this section will be revision. Key areas to include; Sangha & Initiation. Pansil Punna (Skilful means) 10 Precept living Puja & Buddha rupas Vihara Tripitaka Specific Festivals. Mahayana. Means “Great Vehicle”. The implication is that you can behelped towards enlightenment by other beings, either physical or spiritual. More people will make it. A much broader group of Buddhism for today 46-47 Discovering world religions, Buddhism (Foudnation) 18-19 Modern world Buddhisms – including both Zen & Pure land. Key idea is that of Bodhisattva. An enlightened being who has postponed entering Nirvana to remain and help other beings out of compassion. These may be physical living beings, or spiritual beings who can be the focus of meditation or worship. For more able mention – Pure Land Buddhism. This concentrates on the worship of Amida Buddha (a bodhisattva of compassion) who will reward those who chant his mantra (Namu Amida Butsu) by allowing htem to reincarnate in the “Pure land” where practising the dharma is very easy and enlightenment is assured. Vajrayana The “Diamond Thunderbolt Way”. Is the name of the buddhism of Tibet. This is a tantric form of Buddhism where the power of enlightenment may be “magically” transferred between beings. This is colourful and loud – a great contrast to the austerity of Therevada. (Get JM to do a lesson with Tibetan Artefacts). Key ideas to Mention: Lamas, Initiation & Empowerment Tantric practices – visualisation, chod ritual, “magical rites”. Dalai & Panchen Lamas / Tulkus. Sky Burial, Bardo states Thankas Bodhisattvas & dharma protectors. Mane stones Mantras (esp Om mane padme hum). Mudras religions 21 Buddhism a new approach 91-101. Vajrayana Sheets The Buddhist Experience 16 Buddhism for today 48 Discovering world religions Buddhism (Foundation) 21 Buddhism a new approach 105-118. Videos – Kundun 7 Years in Tibet Michael Palin’s Himalaya. Wheel of life powerpoint Ritual implements – bells, dorje, phurba, mala (often made of human bone). Padmasambhava & Milarepa. Zen Is an austere form of Japanese Buddhism (the word “Zen” means meditation) which emphasises that enlightenment may arise spontaneously from the prepared or unprepared mind. Key ideas to include Zazen (sitting meditation) Zendo Zen Garden Roshi Koan Life in a Zendo & Discipline. For more able discuss Zen outlook & teachings on states of mind and meditation. Effect on / by Japanese culture- how flower arranging, Martial arts, calligraphy etc may be Zen techniques. Western Buddhist Order Founded by Ven Sangharakshita (Denis Lingwood), who was convinced that the west needed a pure form of Buddhist Dharma (without cultural accretions). WBO emphasise the direct teacing of the Buddha, while accepting a variety of different practices from different types of Buddhism that may help individuals. Ordained members can wear a Kesa (small stone, with the 3 jewels symbol). They may live in families, or celibate communities. Emphasis upon education and Right livelihood businesses. Buddhism a new approach 103-104 The Buddhist experience 17 Buddhism for today 49 Discovering world religions Buddhism (foundation) 20 Sheets from “Zen”, a beginner’s guide. Buddhist experience 18 Buddhism for today 50 Discovering world religions Buddhism, Foundation). 42-43 Buddhism a new approach. 123. Coursework a) Therevada Buddhism Zen Buddhism Vajrayana (Tibetan) Buddhism The Western Buddhist Order. From the list above select any two types of Buddhism that you have studied. Outline the important ways in which they are similar to, and in which they are different from, one another. b) Pick one of the types of Buddhism that you have written about. Explain how the beliefs and practices that you have described would help a Buddhist following that path to achieve enlightenment. c) ‘It does not matter which path a Buddhist follows.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. Practice Exam questions a) What are the main beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism? b) Explain how belief in rebirth might effect the belief of a Tibetan Buddhist. c) “In a religion, all people should worship in the same way”. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Buddhism in your answer. Environment. Save the Planet Introduce key Christian ideas sheet about the environment using the Chief Seattle Sheet. sheet. Key ideas are that the environment is created by God, who describes his creation as "very good" (thereby implying that Christians should value this creation as precious"). For more able introduce the idea of "Transcendence" (God being outside, or above the physical universe) and "Immanence" (God being within / permeating the physical universe; there is a quotation from the non-canonical gospel of Thomas which illustrates this idea). Key idea for Christian responsibility is "Stewardship". The idea is that Humans are God's stewards (i.e. God owns the world, and Humans are responsible for looking after it for him!) A steward is a biblical word for an estate manager. How do Christians put these beliefs into action? This implies considerable responsibility upon Christians to look after the world, while managing it positively. For more able contrast this with the historical idea of "Dominion Theology" the idea that Christians should be able to exploit the world as far as possible for their own benefit without concern for the environment or other living creatures as Humans are more important. You may cover different issues within this, but the key bits for their notes are the Christian issues. Animal Rights. Christian attitudes Intro with debate on the concept to animals sheet. of animal rights; what rights do animals have, and why. Key ideas are that Humans are a special creation ("made in the image of God") which implies a special and important part of human nature is like God; i.e. humans have something spiritual about them (A soul?) Animals do not have this, thus while they are created by God, and are worthy of respect, they are not as important as human beings. Biblical teachings: • Humans can / should use animals. • Animals should be treated with respect. • Species should be conserved. • God cares for all living creatures. You may cover different issues within this, but the key bits for their notes are the Christian issues. • Use political power to back people with concerns for the environment. • Pray. • Recycle. • Use less fuel at home, solar power etc. • Organise car -sharing. Practice Exam questions • Get involved with direct action & peaceful protest. • Join organisations which work for conservation. a) What do Christians mean when they say that people are stewards of the earth? b) Explain why many Christians work to get rid of hunger and disease in the world. d) Christians should not send money to other countries when there are so many poor people in their own”. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer, and show that you have thought about different points of view. a) Describe Christian teachings that could be used in a discussion about world hunger. b) Explain how Christian teachings might affect the way that Christians care for the environment. c) "Christians should lead the way in environmental issues" Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view a) Describe Christian teaching that might be used in a discussion about looking after God's creation. b) Explain how a Christian might work to improve the environment. c) "We should leave future generations to look after themselves". Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view Peace & Conflict Recap the key ideas on conflict covered in year 9. These should include; Holy War; the idea that God fights for and with his people, in a very active & real way; rules of a holy war from Joshua, (influence on the behaviour of Christian Armies in the 1st Crusade. Just War. Theory of Thomas Aquinas; key idea is that war is wrong, but sometimes necessary. These laws must be followed to ensure that it is legitimate for Christians to fight: Just cause, Legitimate Authority, Good chance of success, Good must outweigh bad, Good intention, Last resort, Proportionality, avoid harming Deuteronomy 7:22-24. Joshua 6:17-22. Joel 3:910 "Just War sheets", as used in year 9. Xtianity in today's world p84-85 Christian perspectives, p74-76 Xtianity in today's world, p62-63 & 87. How do Christians put these beliefs into action? Practice Exam questions Pilgrimage & Writings. non-combatants. Christian Liberation theology; the belief that it is legitimate to struggle on perspectives, p81. behalf of the oppressed poor. Isaiah 9:6-10 Started in base communities in Matthew 5: 9 \ 39 Latin America, given shape by thinkers like Camillo Torres & \ Oscar Romero. Very strongly 44 Matthew 26:52 based upon demands for social Xtianity in justice in the bible, in the OT Prophets, & mission of Jesus. today's world p85 Pacifism; particularly in it's Christian guise; Society of Friends etc. Based upon , with particular reference to Jesus' teaching about not resisting violence • Pray. • Get involved with organisations whom they might support (Stop the War Coalition, CND, Pax Christi, Amnesty international). • Catholic Justice & Peace groups often active in supporting Base communities (Liberation theology in a peaceful context, in Latin America) a) Describe Christian teaching about War. b) Explain why some Christians have used nonviolent protests when working for justice. c) “Christians are not respected when they use violence” Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view Buddhist Pilgrimage. Video: "In the Key idea is that, in Buddhism, footsteps of the Pilgrimage is not essential, indeed Buddha" Visits it is often discouraged. The main Indian journey to enlightenment is an Pilgrimage sites internal one; internal for Buddhists; transformation is what counts, not some good visual going on external journeys. Having images, but said that though, many Buddhists simple like to go on Pilgrimages, commentary. particularly to places associated Discovering with the life of the Buddha: Buddhism Lumbini; the Buddha's birthplace. (Foundation) p30Here they will visit the site of the 31 Buddha's birth, born miraculously Modern World from the side of his mother. Religions, Sarnath (Near Varanasi). The deer Buddhism, p 38park where the Buddha first 39 expounded the Dharma. This is a site that is very popular, marked by several large stupas and a monastery, probably the most popular site of Buddhist pilgrimage. Bodh Gaya. The site of Siddartha's enlightenment. This is marked by the Bodhi tree ( a cutting from a cutting of the original tree), outside the Mahabodhi temple. This is a focus of devotion for many Buddhists. There are also a number of temples from different Buddhist countries; Japanese, Tibetan, Bhutanese etc. These are all staffed by elite monks who form a sort of spiritual embassy. There is also a large (30 metre) copy of the Buddha statue from Kamakura in Japan. Vajrayana Buddhism. There is more spiritual benefit to be gained here, because there is the possibility of gaining spiritual benefit from austerities and meditations performed at certain sites: Mt Kailash. A mountain in the Himalyas, difficult to travel to ( a month's journey on foot) that is circumnambulated. Many will perform this performing a set number of prostrations at each step, thus it may take several weeks to get round the mountain once! Lhasa. The capital of Tibet, and the site of the Dalai Lama's palace, the Potala. Although this is now difficult due to the Chinese rule, pilgrims still circumnambulate this. Dharamsala. This is the site of the Dalai Lama's government in exile, and therefore a visit here may bring the possibility of seeing the Dalai Lama himself, and gaining spiritual benefit, or initiations Practice Exam questions from him. Writings. Students should know about: Therevada texts. The Tipitaka (Three baskets / Pali Canon) which contains; Vinaya Pitaka; book of monastic discipline. Sutta Pitaka; five sections containing the teachings of the Buddha. Including • The Dhammapada (Way of the Dhamma) • Jataka tales (Stories about the Buddha's previous lives) Abhidhamma pitaka; higher teachings, illustrations and explanations of earlier texts (Don't go into great detail, and leave the rest for more able). Questions of King Milinda. Dialogue between the Indo-greek king Menander, and the teaching monk Nagasena. Mahayana Texts; The tripitaka (as above, but spelled the Sanskrit, rather than Pali way). Sutras, especially The lotus sutra Prajna paramita sutra Tantras (particularly vajrayana) Shastras; explanations of the various schools. Commentaries Buddhist texts are enormously important as they represent a way of teaching the Dharma. Texts are read and taught by the sangha, and chanted during worship. Some traditions consider the texts themselves to be sacred (Tibetan) indeed, some have said that just chanting the title of e the sutra may produce enlightenment (Sokka Gakkai) a) Describe what Theravadin Buddhists do on Uposatha days. b) Explain how pilgrimage might benefit a Buddhist. C) "Festivals and pilgrimages are unnecessary". Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view The disadvantaged How do Christians put these beliefs into action? Practice Exam questions The key idea for Christians when Luke 4:18-19 considering this is that of Justice. Amos 5:21-24 Social justice is an important idea, Isiaiah 58:10 1 continually demanded by God in John 4:21 Luke the bible. 16:19-31 The struggle for justice in the Christian world can be expressed in perspectives. PI different ways: 00-101 Trying to work to help those who Christian are less fortunate, through perspectives. PI organisations such as: 10-113 • Christian Aid (C of E). Xtianity in • Tearfund (Evangelical Alliance) today's world, • Cafod (Roman catholic) Which p62-63 & 87. encourage projects like fair trade to ensure that people in developing countries get the opportunity to gain from their production. Some Christians might say that Christian this also includes struggling to perspectives, change the unfair systems, p81. through political activism, including Liberation theology (See peace & conflict section above) Work in a developing country as an aid worker, full time, or VSO. Support development work through fair trade shopping, or fundraising. Live a simple lifestyle, .pray for those who are disadvantaged. Give their money (some Christians "Tithe" one tenth of their income to the poor & the church. Put pressure on organisations & businesses which are still mistreating the poor. a) Describe Christian teachings about caring for the poor. b) Explain how one Christian aid agency puts beliefs into practice. c) "Caring for the poor should be the most important thing in the life of a Christian" Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view