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Laboratory Diagnosis I Objectives Upon completion of the Laboratory Diagnosis I course, the student should have practical comprehension and recall of the following concepts. Laboratory Interpretation: Terminology specific to laboratory diagnosis How reference ranges are derived The problems with reference ranges Potential problems with specimens Other considerations Basic Hematology: Red blood cells Hemoglobin Hematocrit Wintrobe Indices Causes of macrocytosis Causes of microcytosis Peripheral blood smear Abnormal cell morphology White Blood Cells: Differential values White blood cell abnormalities Leukocytosis Lymphcytosis Differential interpretation Anemia: Definition Classification by pathology Classification by RBC morphology Factor deficiency anemia Production defect anemia Depletion anemia Measuring iron status Leukemia, Lymphomas, and Myeloproliferative Syndromes: Definitions Classification Characteristics of various types Immunohematology: Definitions Antibody detection methods Auto-antibodies ABO blood groups Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) Blood Coagulation: Intrinsic system pathway Extrinsic system pathway Coagulation factors Basic tests for hemorrhagic disorders Hemophilia Anticoagulation Systems Clotting problems Platelet defects Blood Chemistry: Glucose Glucose tolerance Glycosolated hemoglobin Blood Urea Nitrogen Creatine Uric acid Electrolytes Protein electrophoresis Bilirubin Alkaline Phosphatase AST and ALT Lactic dehydrogenase Creatine phosphokinase GGTP Blood lipids Acid phosphatase Prostate Specific Antigen Amylase and Lipase Carbon Dioxide Cortisol C-peptide C-reactive protein Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Creatinine Clearance Fibrinogen Folic Acid Homocysteine Magnesium Urinalysis: Overview Types of specimens Collection methods Reagent strips Normal findings Abnormal findings Miscellaneous Tests: Caloric study Cardiac stress test Manometric studies Arterial Plethysmography Tourniquet test Blood Culture and Sensitivity Peripheral blood smear Bone marrow biopsy Papanicolaou (Pap) smear Stool tests Liver and Biliary Tract Tests: Jaundice Bilirubin (Direct and Indirect) Urobilinogen Alkaline Phosphatase (liver and bone) SGOT AND SGPT Prothrombin time Serum bile acids Serum proteins Blood ammonia Radionuclide liver scan Liver biopsy Laboratory findings in common liver diseases Cardiac Tests: Tests for Myocardial Infarction LDH isoenzymes CPK isoenzymes Troponin – T Troponin – I Myosin Light Chains Radionuclide heart scan Cerebrospinal Fluid and Neurological Disorders: Pressure Appearance Glucose Protein Cell count Culture CSF lactate CSF findings in brain diseases Biochemical Profiles General Health panel Anemia panel Bone/Joint panel Cardiac Injury panel Cardiac Risk panel Coagulation panel Collagen disease and arthritis panel Coma panel Diabetic panel Electrolyte/Fluid balance panel Hypertension panel Hepatic panel Acute hepatitis panel Chronic hepatitis panel Malignancy panel Metastasis panel Pancreas panel Thyroid panel Parathyroid panel Pulmonary panel Kidney panel TORCH panel Bone, Joint, and Collagen-Vascular Disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies Ankylosing Spondylitis Reiter’s Syndrome Arthritis associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Reactive Arthropathies Enteropathic Arthropathies Acute Rheumatic Fever Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Scleroderma Serum Electrolytes Clinical Symptoms of Electrolyte Imbalance Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Magnesium Phosphate Protein / Calorie Evaluation Gastrointestinal Testing G.I. Function Malabsorption Steatorrhea Lab tests for Malabsorption Gluten-induced Enteropathy Celiac Disease Gastric Analysis The Pancreas Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Diabetes and Hypoglycemia Diabetes Mellitus – Type 1 and Type II Lab test for diabetes Hypoglycemia Symptoms of Hypoglycemia Lab tests for Hypoglycemia Laboratory Assignments Venipuncture Safety Patient preparation Follow-up Handling complications Case Studies A series of studies requiring the student to interpret CBCs, blood chemistry panels, and urinalyses. Pharmenex Scanner The students learn about the scanner and have the opportunity to be scanned and talk about the results.