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Chapter 27: The Rise of Dictators and World War II 1931-1945 Section 1: Steps to War A. The Rise of Dictators -By the mid-1930’s several countries had come under the control of dictators -Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union -The cause of their rise had its roots in WWI -These countries felt they had been treated unfairly at the end of the WWI -Germany in particular felt cheated -it had lost territory and its colonies -it also had to pay huge sums as war damages -These countries had deep economic problems made worse by the Depression -they turned to strong leaders to solve their problems B. Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin -Mussolini took power in Italy -he started Fascism, a form of nationalism tinged with racism -he took complete control of the country -Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany -he was also a fascist who preached about the racial superiority of Germans -was elected by the people, but then became a dictator -Joseph Stalin took control in the Soviet Union -led the communists took over for Lenin C. Dictators Seek to Expand Territory -In Japan the military gained increasing power -it pushed the country to expand -They attacked Manchuria in China -Italy attacked and took over Ethiopia -Germany entered the Rhineland, a territory between Germany and France -The Axis was the name of Germany, Italy and their allies D. Appeasement at Munich -Hitler wanted to take over Czechoslovakia -Chamberlain (Britain’s Prime Minister) said they could have Sudetenland if they stopped trying to expand -This came to be known as appeasement and did not work E. Germany Starts War -In March 1939, Hitler broke his agreement and conquered Czechoslovakia -In August 1939 Soviet Union and Germany signed a non-aggression pact -In September Germany invaded Poland and the Great Britain and France declared war on Germany -The Soviets invaded eastern Poland while the Germans took over western Poland -In June 1940 Germany conquered France -Germany then launched an aerial attack on Britain, this was called the Battle of Britain F. Germany Attacks the Soviet Union -In June 1941, Hitler broke his agreement and invaded the Soviet Union -initially successful, the attack got bogged down in heavy fighting and harsh winter conditions in Leningrad and Moscow -over a million civilians and soldiers died in these attacks G. The United States Aids the Allies -The US was not in the war, but was supplying arms and materials -Roosevelt passed the Lend-Lease Act to aid European countries -They sent over 50 billion dollars worth of equipment H. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor -1940 Japan joins the Axis -General Hideki Tojo came to power in Japan -They wanted to expand Japan further -Felt the US stood in their way so on Dec. 7, 1941 they launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor -2400 Americans died and many ships and planes were destroyed -The US declared war on Japan, Germany, and Italy Section 2: War in Africa and Europe A. Mobilizing for War -After Pearl Harbor Millions of Americans were drafted or volunteered for military service -Despite segregation in the military millions of minorities fought in the war -Women also contributed to the effort in non-battlefield positions B. Battles in Africa and Italy -Britain and Germany battled for control of Egypt and the Suez Canal -The Americans, under Eisenhower attacked from the West in Tunisia -After taking control over Northern Africa the allies advanced on Italy -Italy surrendered in September 1943 C. The Allied Advance and D-Day -Hitler had turned his forces in the S.U. to Stalingrad but again they could not take the Russian city -Eventually the German forces in Russia Surrendered -June 6, 1944 the Allies invaded France, called D-Day -thousands of allies died, but took the beach -They continued to liberate Paris and all of France D. Victory in Europe -By February 1945 the Germans were retreating on all fronts -Yalta Conference, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met to decide plans for after the war -In April 1945 Roosevelt died -April 1945 the Russians reached Berlin -May 2, the Germans surrendered E. The Horrors of the Holocaust -As the allies liberated Europe they came across concentration camps where millions of Jews and other groups had been murdered -About 11 million people were killed -Hitler’s racist ideology had blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems -Hitler developed a plan called the “Final Solution” to kill all Jews under German control Section 3: War in the Pacific A. Japan Expands Its Empire -Japan quickly expanded its empire following Pearl Harbor -Took many areas quickly but got bogged down in the Philippines -US troops under Douglas MacArthur fought hard on the Bataan Peninsula -MacArthur retreated to Australia -many US troops were captured and forced to endure the Bataan death march B. The Allies Turn the Tide at Midway -In April 1942 US began bombing Tokyo -Several large Naval battles took place in the Pacific -During the battle of Midway both sides lost planes -Japanese lost four aircraft carriers and the US lost one -This was a turning point in the war C. The Allies Advance -after Midway Allies began attacking islands one by one, they called this island hopping -1943, after six months of fighting allies won at Guadalcanal -US used Navajo code talkers to keep their communications secret -1945 the US retook the Philippines, MacArthur kept his word to return -Japan’s navy was severely weakened and they began turning to kamikaze attacks D. Iwo Jima and Okinawa -in 1945 the US began repeated bombings of the Japanese mainland -US took Iwo Jima and Okinawa, which got them close to the Japanese mainland E. Atomic Weapons End the War -The US was ready to invade Japan, but feared losing many lives -Manhattan project had built the first atomic weapons -August 6, 1945 the US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima -August 9, 1945 another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki -Japan surrendered on August 14th. IV. The Home Front A. Wartime Production -War Production Board (WPB) oversaw the production of war materials -Jobs became easy to find -The US economy began to boom -Citizens had to ration items because the military needed so much food and raw materials -income taxes were raised and war bonds were sold B. Opportunities for Women and Minorities -more women went to work to fill jobs usually occupied by men -African Americans also found new employment opportunities -Many AA migrated North and West during the war for these jobs -at times this lead to racial tensions -A. Philip Randolph convinced Roosevelt to issue an order banning racial discrimination in the defense industry -Brecero Program encouraged Mexicans to migrate to the United States to help with agricultural production -While they provided a great service, they often were met with discrimination C. The Interment of Japanese Americans -Even before the war Asians faced discrimination in America -After Pearl Harbor many Americans saw Japanese Americans as a threat -In February 1942 he ordered Japanese and Japanese Americans to be removed to internment camps -The fear of these Japanese Americans was unfounded -They were patriotic -thousands volunteered to fight in the war V. The Legacy of the War A. The War’s Human Cost -20 million soldiers killed -Soviet Union alone lost 7.5 million military -400,000 American deaths and 600,000 wounded -There were also huge numbers of civilian casualties -cities were bombed, battles took place in civilian areas -Soviet Union lost about 20 million civilians -China lost about 10 million citizens B. Economic Winners and Losers -only the US came out of the war with a strong economy -the war had pulled the US out of the Great Depression -The US helped rebuild Japan and Europe with aid and support -they knew that to avoid more conflict these nations needed strong economies -The Marshal Plan was the name of US support for Europe C. Changes in American Society -G.I. Bill of Rights- provided aid to returning soldiers, paid for their education -There was also a housing crunch D. The Nuremberg Trials -an international court was put together to try Nazi leaders -at first 24 of the top leaders were tried -19 were found guilty and 12 were sentenced to death -185 more were put on trial in the following years E. Creation of the United Nations -1945 the United Nations was founded -it was hoped that through international cooperation conflicts could be solved in more peaceful ways F. International Tensions -1948 the UN helped found Israel so that Jews would have a homeland in Palestine -Israel’s neighbors objected to its creation and it faced constant threats -the US and the Soviet Union became adversaries -The Soviet Union had conquered part of Eastern Europe and made them live under communism -The reality of atomic weapons increased these tensions