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The US in the Second World War Beginning -U.S. – Japanese relations deteriorated since 1931 -the U.S. cut the supply of products such as oil, scrap, iron in 1940 -Japanese attack on Perl Harbor on December 7, 1941: U.S. entered the war The European theater of war -in May 1942, Roosevelt promised to Soviet foreign Minister Molotov a second front by late 1942 -British PM Chruchill urged landing in North Africa and then campaign in the Mediterranean -Anglo-American forces landed in North Africa in the fall of 1942, invaded sicily -Churchill suggested opening the second front in the Balkans, but the American leadership opted for landing in France -Allied troops landed in Normandy on June 6, 1944 (D-Day), while Rome fell two days before -the troops liberated France and after the last German counterattack in 1944, they entered Germany from the West -the end of the war come on May 8, 1945 The Pacific theater of war -Japaneses advance was stopped in the Battle of the Coral Sea and in the Battle of Midway in May-June 1942 -the „island-hopping” tactics paid off and the Japanese defense perimeter shrank int he next 3 years -retaking the Philippines, capture og such strategical islands like: Iwo Jima, Okinawa -atomic bombs: Hiroshima: Aug 6, 1945, Nagasaki: three days later -signing the documents on board the U.S.S. Missouri on Sept 2, 1945. The diplomacy of the war -wartime alliance between the Americans and British practically started with the issuance of the Atlantic Charter in Aug, 1941 -Churchill and Roosevelt met several times: discussed the strategy, plans for the postwar political settlement -conferences: Big Three: Therean (Nov, 1943), Yalta (Feb, 1945), Potsdam (July, 1945) -agreed on the time and location of the opening of the second front in Teheran -defined the boundaries of Poland and agreed on holding free elections in the liberated countries and on the division of Germany into zones of occupation in Yalta -Ptsdam: set up the council of Foreign ministers to discuss the outstanding issues later Changes in the U.S. -the war industry offered plenty of opportunities for employment -social changes: position of women in society 1 The Gilded Age Name: decades between the Civil War and the turn of the century Big Issues -technological revolution followed the end of the Civil War -electricity became important, dramatic changes in telecommumication (transatlantic telegraph, telefon) -in the late 1850s oil was discovered in Ohio, oil boom started -changes in transportation: airplane flight, railroads (1869) -a group of manufacturers emerged -people created new forms of business which were aimed at limiting competition and creating monopolies: pools, trusts, holding companies -two methods were favored by businessment o establish large organizations -horizontal integration: bringing together a number of firms in the same business -vertical integration: comapies at all levels of production were purchased by a single individual, who thus control over production from the raw material to the finished product (for example: Andrew Carnegie’s steel corporation) -economic crises in the last decades of the 19th century strengthened the anti-monopoly movement in the U.S. -first antitrust act (Sherman Act) -President Roosevelt and Wilson adoptd a „trustbusting policy” in 1900s, included court actions against some of the biggest corporations -strong farmers movement -the importance of agriculture declined in the nation’s economy -the farmers problems were increasingly restricted to certain regions or states The Political Scene after the Civil War -balance between the Democratic and the Republican parties -the southern states were solidly Democratic -northern and western states predominantly Republican -rise of the People’s Party (Populist) in the early 1890s: it drew support from among the farmers -began to decline and soon disappeared from the political life of the country -most significant reform movement of the Progressive Era was the fight for women’s suffrage: 19th Amendment (1920): prohibited the restriction of voting rights on account of sex -the balance sheet of Progressivism helped improve city cervices Urbanization The structure of the cities changed: electric trolleys, trains, automobiles, subways -ghettoization: immigrants tended to live in close communities: Little Italies, Chinatown, etc. Problems -the railroads opened the west: Native Americans continued to shrink -1870s: government launched new policies toward Indians: it would not negotiate with tribal chiefs any more concerning land cessions -white-indian relations determined by the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 -blacks: to gain equality with the whites in all walks of life -Supreme Court decision in 1896: „separate but equal” treatment was pronounced constitutional in the Plessy v. Ferguson case 2