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Digestion Digestion is the break-down of large insoluble food molecules into small watersoluble food molecules with some physical and chemical effects so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma Coto Digestion Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down - Mechanical digestion: physical break-down of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. - Chemical digestion: enzymatic break-down the food into the small molecules by digestive enzymes for the body can use Bread Mechanic slice of bread Chemical Starch Coto The Digestive System Is a group of organs working together; - for taking the foods into the body, - breaking the foods into small pieces, - to digest the foods for absorbtion by the cells - for being store and using the foods as energy, - to remove (expel) waste product from the body Coto Part of the digestive system Components of the digestive system are divided into two main groups: Alimantary canal (Gastrointestinal tract - GI or Gut) The long tubular passage that extends from mouse to anus Digestive glands (Accessory digestive organs) (Salivary glands, liver and pancreas) The organs drain off the secretion to the GI via special ducts and help the digestion Coto Accessory Digestive Organs GI Tract - Gut Cavum oris (Mouth – oral cavity) Gl.salivaria (Salivary glands) Pharynx Hepar (Liver) Eosophagus Gaster (Stomach) Intestinum tenue (Small intestines) Intestinum crassum (Large intestines) Anus -Vesicae fellae (Gall bladder) Pancreas Coto Alimentary canal-Gut GI tract Cavum oris (Mouth – oral cavity) Gl.salivaria (Salivary glands) Palatum (Palate) Gl.parotis (parotid gland) Lingua (Tongue) Gl.mandibularis (mandubular gland) Dentes (Teeth) Gl.sublingualis (sublingual canal) Pharynx Eosophagus Gaster (Stomach) Intestinum tenue (Small intestines) Accessory Digestive Organs Duodenum Jejenum Ileum Hepar (Liver) Vesicae fellae (Gall bladder) Pancreas Intestinum crassum (Large intestines) Cecum Colon Rectum Canalis analis (anatl canal) Anus Coto Mouth – oral cavity Palate) / Tongue / Teeth Pharynx Eosophagus Stomach (Gaster) Small intestines Duodenum Jejenum Ileum Large intestines Cecum Colon Rectum Canalis analis (anal canal) Anus Salivary glands Gl.parotis (parotid gland) Gl.mandibularis (mandubular gland) Gl.sublingualis (sublingual canal) Liver (Hepar) Vesicae fellae (Gall bladder) Pancreas Coto The Mouth – The Oral cavity - The first part or entrance passage of the digestive tract. - Cavity is located between upper and lower jaws from lips to pharynx and bounded laterally by lips and cheeks - Main functions are the prehention, mastication and insalivation in digestion - It is also the organ of aggression and defence via the teeth Coto Skeletal foundation of the mouth In dorsal; Incisive bone, palatine and alveolar processes of maxilla and , horizontal lamina of the palatine bone In ventral; Mandibula Coto The Mouth (oral) cavity The oral cavity is divided two parts by the superior and inferior dental arches. 1-) Vestibule : is the horseshoe-formed cavity located the outside of the jaw margin (dental arches) and bounded by the lips and cheeks externally. 2-) Proper oral cavity : is the cavity within the dental arches. The tongue is located in the cavity. Coto The Vestibule It is also further subdivided into ; - labiale vestibule (vestibulum labiale) – between the lips and the teeth - buccal vestibule (vestibulum buccale) – between the cheeks and the teeth Coto 1-)The Labial vestibule The lips (Labia superior et inferior) The structures bounding the oral fissure that are composed of skin, muscle layer, glands and oral mucosa - Rima oris - Commissura labiorum - Angulus oris - M.orbicularis oris Frenulum of the lips Coto 2-)The Buccal vestibule Buccae (The cheeks) - The sturctures bounding the mouth laterally. - The important function of the cheeks is returning to central oral cavity any food that has escaped into the vestibule. - The opening of the parotid duct is located the cheek mocosa - M.buccinator *** the buccal vestibule has a large pouches in some animals such as monkey, hamster and squirrel for the storage function of the food. The animal can harvest its food rapidly and stowing it away for later mastication Coto The Proper oral cavity The roof of the mouth (Palatum-palate) -Palatum durum (hard palate) -Palatum molle (soft palate) Lingua (Tongue) The floor of the mouth -Cavum sublinguale apicale -Recessus sublingualis lateralis Coto The roof of the mouth Palate – The roof of the oral cavity - Hard palate (palatum durum) The larger and rostral part of the roof is formed by bones that separates the oral and nasal cavities - Soft palate (palatum molle) Musculomembranous part of the palate is located caudally of bony part without external demarcation Coto The hard palate Raphe palati – longitudinal mark at the midside Rugae palatinae – series of transverse ridges Papilla incisiva – swelling behind the incisors that covered the small orifice of incisive duct Ductus incisivus – small duct that perforate the palate Coto The hard palate Raphe palati – longitudinal mark at the midside Rugae palatinae – series of paired transversal ridges or mucosal elevation Papilla incisiva – swelling behind the incisors that covered the small orifice of incisive duct Ductus incisivus – small duct that perforate the palate (absent in horse) Coto The soft palate Also known as velum that is moveable muscular portion of the palate. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passages and airways during the act of swallowing. During sneezing, it protects the nasal passage by diverting a portion of the excreted substance to the mouth. There are two arches between the mucosa and tongue (arcus palatoglossus) and pharynx (arcus palatopharyngeus) Coto Lingua - Glossa - Tongue The muscular organ filling the oral cavity. It plays a role in lapping the water and prehension, grooming and manuplating the food within the mouth. It also acts in swallowing with pharynx together The tongue aids in temperature control through heat loss by panting in dog Coto Lingua - Glossa - Tongue Dorsum linguae – Facies ventralis (Lyssa in dog) Apex linguae (apex) Corpus linguae (body) Sulcus medianus (ca) – median groove Torus linguae (ru) – a round swelling at dorsal surface Fossa linguae (ru) – depression in front of torus Frenilum – mucosal fold in oral floor Radix linguae (root) Isthmus faucium Arcus palatoglossus Coto Papillae of the tongue Much of the surface of the tongue is covered by a variety of papillae. They are named according to their shape. These have a mechanic or gustatory function. Coto Papillae of the tongue Papillae mechanica Papillae filiformes: threadlike / function is directing food caudally. They are heavily cornified like thorn in cat and ox Papillae lentiformes: lentil-shaped Papillae conicae: cone-shaped /located in laterally especially in ru. Papillae gustotorica Papillae fungiformes: mushroom-shaped / is scattered among the more numerous filiform papillae Papillae vallatae: ditchlike papillae circled by a cleft / The largest and the least / located rostral side of the root number is : 1 (eq), 1 (su), 2-3 (car), 8 (bo), 18-20 (ov) Papillae foliatae:leaf-shaped mucosal folds / on the lateral side of the root / absent in ox Coto The floor of the tongue Cavum sublinguale apicale below of the apex lingua frenulum linguae Mucosal fold that connects the tongue to the base of oral cavity caruncula sublingualis Skin tag or mole located sublingul region Recessus sublingualis lateralis Blind way (cul de sac - recess) at the lateral side of the tongue plica sublingualis Mucosal fold between the tongue and gingiva Coto Tonsil Aggregation of lympathic tissue in the oropharyngeal area. Most of them are diffuse and difficult to see. Generally named according to their location such as; Lingul tonsil ( eq, su ); locates in the root of the tongue Palatine tonsil (absent in pig); situates in oropharynx Pharyngeal tonsil; accumulates in Fornix pharyngis Tonsilla tubaria ( car’da yok ); surrounds of opening of the pharyngeal tube Coto Dentes - The Teeth The bony structure that play a role in gathering (prehension) and mastication (chewing) of the food. Another function of the teeth are weapons in some animals The teeth are sitting the alveolar groves of the upper and lower jaws. The arrangement of the teeth inside the mouth named as dental arch Arcus dentalis superior et inferior Coto Teeth shape Animals are separated two main groups as 1.Homodonts (fishes and reptiles) 2.Heterodonts (mammals except dolphin and whale) Coto Heterodont teeth Four main groups of teeth are distinguished according to their location and function 1.Dentes incisivi; Incisors teeth (cutters) The most rostral teeth embedded incisive bone and mandible 2.Dentes canini; Canine teeth (pierces) The large tooth between incisors and cheek teeth 3.Dentes premolares; Premolar teeth The rostral cheek teeth 4.Dentes molares; Molar teeth The caudal cheek teeth Coto The Tooth surface Each tooth has a number of surfaces Facies occlusalis – chewing surface Facies incisalis Facies masticatorius Facies vestibularis – the lips or cheeks surface Facies lingualis – the tongue surface Facies contactus – side adjacent the next Facies mesialis Facies distalis Coto Number of dentition Animals are divided 3 main groups according to tooth alteration in lifecycle 1.Monophyodontia (the whale) 2.Diphyodontia (the mammals) Dentes decidui – milk teeth (baby teeth) Dentes permanentes – adult teeth 3.Polyphyodontia (fishes, reptiles, elephant) Coto Dental formula (su) Because mammalian teeth are specialised for different functions, many of them have lost teeth not needed in their adaptation and show differences between animals It is a shorthand method (representation) indicating the type, the number and the position of the teeth of an animal. Due to bilateral symmetry, only half of each dental arcade is numbered in the formula. So each line shows one quarter of the mouth The line separates the jaws; Upper jaw is in above the line, lower jaw is in below The teeth are represented by capital letter (I:incisor / C:canine / P:premolar / M:molar) Coto Dental formula (su) An adult pig has a full mouth of 44 permanent teeth. Dentes decidui i3-c1-p3-m0 i3-c1-p3-m0 Dentes permanentes i3-c1-p4-m3 i3-c1-p4-m3 Coto Dental formula (dog) An adult dog has 42 teeth. The upper M3 tooth is missing. Upper P4 ve lower M1 are differentiated for pulling off and tearing up are named dens sectorius (carnassial teeth) denir. Dental formula is not constant. Dentes decidui i3-c1-p3-m0 i3-c1-p3-m0 Dentes permanentes i3-c1-p4-m2 i3-c1-p4-m3 Coto Dental formula (cat) An adult cat has 30 teeth. Carnassial (sectorial) teeth are P3 in upper, M1 in lower jaw. Dental formula can change according to races as it is in dog Dentes decidui i3-c1-p3-m0 i3-c1-p2-m0 Dentes permanentes i3-c1-p3-m1 i3-c1-p2-m1 Coto Dental formula (human) An adult man has 32 teeth. i2-c1-p2-m3 i2-c1-p2-m3 Coto Dental formula (ruminant) The ruminants have no canine tooth. They lack upper and lower P1. And Also the upper incisors are missing and replaced by a dental pad. An adult ruminant has 32 teeth. Dental pad provides a heavily cornified epithelium againts which the lower incisors grind food Dentes decidui i0-c0-p3-m0 i4-c0-p3-m0 Dentes permanentes i0-c0-p3-m3 i4-c0-p3-m3 Coto Dental formula (horse) In the mouth of horse, usually missing the upper P1 (wolf tooth – dens lupinus), always missing the lower P1. In the mare, the canines are often lack or rudimentary small. An adult horse posses 40 teeth. Dentes decidui i3-c1-p3-m0 i3-c1-p3-m0 Dentes permanentes i3-c1-p3-m3 i3-c1-p3-m3 Coto The parts of tooth Corona dentis (crown) The part projecting above the gum line Collum dentis (neck) The area between crown and root Radix dentis (root) The part below the gum line embedded in the alveoli of bones Coto Structure of Tooth Cementum A thin bone-like covering, most superficial layer Enamel The hardest substance in the body Dentin The hard substance similar to bone surrounding the pulp cavity Cavum dentis Pulp Coto Age estimation (horse) At birth ; posses 6 incisors milk teeth 2nd age ; Milk teeth complate 2,5 of age ; 1.incisors change 3 of age 3,5 of age ; 2.incisors change 4 of age 4,5 of age ; 3.incisors change 5 of age 6 yaş ; 1.incisors dental star 7 yaş ; 2.incisors dental star 8 yaş ; 3.incisor dental star ; 1.incisors erupt ; 2.incisors erupt ; 3.incisors erupt **Dental star is the darker secondary dentin filling the pulp cavity as the occlusal surface Coto Age of estimation (ruminants) In sheep; 1 of age ; i1 erupt 2 of age ; i2 erupt 3 of age ; i3 erupt 4 of age : i4 erupt Coto GL.SALIVARIAE (Salivary Glands) Salivary glands are the accessory digestive organs (the extramural organ) that are emptying (drains off) the secretion to the GI tract (the oral cavity) via ducts. Saliva is the secretion of the glands consists of water, some proteins, electrolytes, antibodies (IgA) and enzymes such as amilase (ptyalin) especially in human and pig. Saliva aids in the formation of bolus during chewing and acts as lubricant during swallowing. Coto GL.SALIVARIAE (Salivary Glands) Glands are classified by their size and duct lenght Minor Salivary Glands They have very short ducts and are named based on location i.e.labial, buccal, lingual Major Salivary Glands They empty their secretion via long duct Parotid gland (serous) Mandibular gland (mix) Sublingual glands (mucous) Coto Parotid Gland (Glandula parotis) Para (G) – near , Oetis (G) - Ear The lobular gland locates below the ear. It is positioned by caudal border of the mandible, wing of atlas and root of auricle It has light red colored than the adjacent skeletal muscles Serous secretion Ductus parotideus Coto Parotid Duct The parotid duct is formed by the union of numerous small branch within the gland. In Ox, Horse, Pig; It runs first on the medial surface of the mandible after leaving the gland and then goes to the ventral border to gain lateral surface. It passes from the notch of vessels and runs rostrodorsally in the cheek to the buccal vestibule Coto Parotid Duct The parotid duct is formed by the union of numerous small branch within the gland. In Dog, Cat, Sheep Goat, Human; It crosses the lateral surface of the massater muscle directly, drills (pierces) the cheek and opens the buccal vestibule. Coto Mandibular Gland It is an irregular-shaped (except in dog) gland located caudal to the angle of the lower jaw. It is larger than the parotid gland in ox and dog. It is partly covered by parotid gland in horse and ox Ductus mandibularis Coto Mandibular Duct The duct arises from the rostral edge of the gland, runs rostrally under the floor of the oral cavity and opens on the sublingual caruncle. Coto Sublingual Salivary Gland There are two groups of glands located under the tongue (intermandibular space) and classified according to their ducts 1-Gl.sublingualis monostomatica 2-Gl.sublingualis polystomatica Coto Monostomatic Sublingual Gland The gland has one excretory duct named as Ductus sublingualis major It is the secretory canal of the gland. It opens on sublingual caruncle at the base of mouth. The gland is absent in horse. Coto Polystomatic Sublingual Gland The gland consists of diffuse clusters of glandular tissue located on either side of the tongue. Each cluster has its own ducts named as ductus sublinguales minores. All the ducts are open on the floor of the oral cavity separately. Coto PHARYNX The pharynx is a funnel-shaped, musculo-membranous passage that connects the oral cavity with the oesophagus and the nasal cavity with the larynx. Because of its position, the cavity acts as a common passageway for the digestive and respiratory tracts. It serves the taken food and air into their related channel. Coto PHARYNX The pharynx is a funnel-shaped, musculo-membranous passage that connects the oral cavity with the oesophagus and the nasal cavity with the larynx. Because of its position, the cavity acts as a common pathway for the digestive and the respiratory tracts. It serves the taken food and air into their related channel. Coto The Parts of The Pharynx Pars nasalis pharyngis (Nasopharynx) The area above the soft palate Pars oralis pharyngis (Oropharynx) The area below the soft palate Pars laryngea pharyngis (Laryngopharynx) The area behind the soft palate Coto Nasopharynx A part of the respiratory channel located dorsal to the soft palate. Two openings (nasopharyngeal ducts) provide the connection with nasal passage. Coto Nosapharynx Fornix pharyngis – Concave roof of the pharynx Recessus pharyngeus – Blind way at the caudal border of the roof Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae – The openings of the tuba auditiva at the lateral wall of the pharynx Coto Oropharynx A part of the digestive tract located ventral to the soft palate. The opening (aditus pharyngeus – pharyngeal entrance) provides the connection with oral cavity. The area is narrower so named as isthmus facium Coto Laryngopharynx A common part for the foodway and airway. The area before the openings of the larynx and esophagus. Diverticulum pharyngeum (Ru, su) – Blind sac on the caudal wall of the pharynx Recessus piriformis – blind way on the ventrolateral side of epiglottis Coto The Walls of the Pharynx The roof – supported by vomer and sphenoid bone Vertebral wall – supported by occipital bone and atlas Laryngoesophageal wall – supported by the muscles Lateral walls – supported bu the pharyngeal muscles Oro-ventral wall – supported by root of tongue Coto The Openings for the Pharynx Ductus nasopharyngeus (2) – opens to the nasal cavity Aditus pharyngis (1) – opens to the oral cavity Aditus laryngis (1) – opens to the larynx Aditus esophageus (1) – opens to the esophagus Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae (2) – opens to the eustachian tube Coto OESOPHAGUS Oesophagus is a narrow, musculo-membranous tube extends from the pharynx to the stomach for transporting the foods. It runs backward through the neck behind (upper side) the trachea, passes through the thoracic cavity at lenght and terminates to the stomach in the abdomen. Pars cervicalis Pars thoracica Pars abdominalis Dorsal – Left - Dorsal Coto OESOPHAGUS Oesophagus is a narrow, musculo-membranous tube extends from the pharynx to the stomach for transporting the foods. It runs backward through the neck behind (upper side) the trachea, passes through the thoracic cavity at lenght and terminates to the stomach in the abdomen. Pars cervicalis Pars thoracica Pars abdominalis Dorsal – Left - Dorsal Coto Oesophagus The bolus (the swallowed food) is dispatched towards the stomach through the oesophagus by the movement of its muscular wall contraction. The wall of the oesophagus; - The connective tissue (externally) Peristalsis - The muscular layer; Outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles contract & relax alternately (wavelike contraction) - The mucous membrane (internally); Plica longitudinalis – rosette like appearance in cross section Coto