Download oral cavity

Digestion

Digestion is the break-down of large insoluble food molecules into small watersoluble food molecules with some physical and chemical effects so that they can
be absorbed into the watery blood plasma
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Digestion

Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based
on how food is broken down
- Mechanical digestion: physical break-down of large pieces of food into smaller pieces
which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes.
- Chemical digestion: enzymatic break-down the food into the small molecules by
digestive enzymes for the body can use
Bread
Mechanic
slice of bread
Chemical
Starch
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The Digestive System

Is a group of organs working together;
-
for taking the foods into the body,
-
breaking the foods into small pieces,
-
to digest the foods for absorbtion by the cells
-
for being store and using the foods as energy,
-
to remove (expel) waste product from the body
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Part of the digestive system
Components of the digestive system are divided into two main groups:

Alimantary canal (Gastrointestinal tract - GI or Gut)
The long tubular passage that extends from mouse to anus

Digestive glands (Accessory digestive organs) (Salivary glands, liver and pancreas)
The organs drain off the secretion to the GI via special ducts and help the digestion
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Accessory Digestive
Organs
GI Tract - Gut

Cavum oris (Mouth – oral cavity)

Gl.salivaria (Salivary glands)

Pharynx

Hepar (Liver)

Eosophagus

Gaster (Stomach)

Intestinum tenue (Small intestines)

Intestinum crassum (Large intestines)

Anus
-Vesicae fellae (Gall bladder)

Pancreas
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Alimentary canal-Gut
GI tract

Cavum oris (Mouth – oral cavity)
Gl.salivaria (Salivary glands)
Palatum (Palate)

Gl.parotis (parotid gland)

Lingua (Tongue)

Gl.mandibularis (mandubular gland)

Dentes (Teeth)

Gl.sublingualis (sublingual canal)
Pharynx

Eosophagus

Gaster (Stomach)

Intestinum tenue (Small intestines)





Accessory Digestive
Organs

Duodenum

Jejenum

Ileum

Hepar (Liver)


Vesicae fellae (Gall bladder)
Pancreas
Intestinum crassum (Large intestines)

Cecum

Colon

Rectum

Canalis analis (anatl canal)
Anus
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
Mouth – oral cavity

Palate) / Tongue / Teeth

Pharynx

Eosophagus

Stomach (Gaster)

Small intestines


Duodenum

Jejenum

Ileum
Large intestines

Cecum

Colon

Rectum

Canalis analis (anal canal)

Anus

Salivary glands


Gl.parotis (parotid gland)

Gl.mandibularis (mandubular gland)

Gl.sublingualis (sublingual canal)
Liver (Hepar)


Vesicae fellae (Gall bladder)
Pancreas
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The Mouth – The Oral cavity
-
The first part or entrance passage of the digestive tract.
-
Cavity is located between upper and lower jaws from lips to pharynx and
bounded laterally by lips and cheeks
-
Main functions are the prehention, mastication and insalivation in digestion
-
It is also the organ of aggression and defence via the teeth
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Skeletal foundation of the mouth
In dorsal; Incisive bone, palatine and alveolar processes of maxilla and , horizontal lamina
of the palatine bone
In ventral; Mandibula
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The Mouth (oral) cavity

The oral cavity is divided two parts by the superior and inferior dental arches.
1-) Vestibule
: is the horseshoe-formed cavity located the outside of
the jaw margin (dental arches) and bounded by the lips
and cheeks externally.
2-) Proper oral cavity
: is the cavity within the dental arches. The tongue is
located in the cavity.
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The Vestibule
It is also further subdivided into ;
- labiale vestibule (vestibulum labiale) – between the lips and the teeth
- buccal vestibule (vestibulum buccale) – between the cheeks and the teeth
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1-)The Labial vestibule

The lips (Labia superior et inferior)
The structures bounding the oral fissure that are
composed of skin, muscle layer, glands and oral
mucosa
- Rima oris
- Commissura labiorum
- Angulus oris
- M.orbicularis oris

Frenulum of the lips
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2-)The Buccal vestibule

Buccae (The cheeks)
- The sturctures bounding the mouth laterally.
- The important function of the cheeks is returning
to central oral cavity any food that has escaped into
the vestibule.
- The opening of the parotid duct is located the
cheek mocosa
- M.buccinator
*** the buccal vestibule has a large pouches in some
animals such as monkey, hamster and squirrel for
the storage function of the food. The animal can
harvest its food rapidly and stowing it away for later
mastication
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The Proper oral cavity

The roof of the mouth (Palatum-palate)
-Palatum durum (hard palate)
-Palatum molle (soft palate)

Lingua (Tongue)

The floor of the mouth
-Cavum sublinguale apicale
-Recessus sublingualis lateralis
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The roof of the mouth

Palate – The roof of the oral cavity
- Hard palate (palatum durum)
The larger and rostral part of the roof is formed by
bones that separates the oral and nasal cavities
- Soft palate (palatum molle)
Musculomembranous part of the palate is located
caudally of bony part without external demarcation
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The hard palate

Raphe palati – longitudinal mark at the midside

Rugae palatinae – series of transverse ridges

Papilla incisiva – swelling behind the incisors
that covered the small orifice of incisive duct

Ductus incisivus – small duct that perforate the
palate
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The hard palate

Raphe palati – longitudinal mark at the midside

Rugae palatinae – series of paired transversal
ridges or mucosal elevation

Papilla incisiva – swelling behind the incisors
that covered the small orifice of incisive duct

Ductus incisivus – small duct that perforate the
palate (absent in horse)
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The soft palate

Also known as velum that is moveable
muscular portion of the palate.

It is responsible for closing off the nasal
passages and airways during the act of
swallowing. During sneezing, it protects the
nasal passage by diverting a portion of the
excreted substance to the mouth.

There are two arches between the mucosa
and tongue (arcus palatoglossus) and
pharynx (arcus palatopharyngeus)
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Lingua - Glossa - Tongue

The muscular organ filling the oral cavity.

It plays a role in lapping the water and prehension,
grooming and manuplating the food within the
mouth.

It also acts in swallowing with pharynx together

The tongue aids in temperature control through
heat loss by panting in dog
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Lingua - Glossa - Tongue

Dorsum linguae – Facies ventralis (Lyssa in dog)

Apex linguae (apex)

Corpus linguae (body)
Sulcus medianus (ca) – median groove
Torus linguae (ru) – a round swelling at dorsal
surface
Fossa linguae (ru) – depression in front of
torus
Frenilum – mucosal fold in oral floor

Radix linguae (root)
Isthmus faucium
Arcus palatoglossus
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Papillae of the tongue

Much of the surface of the tongue is covered by a
variety of papillae. They are named according to their
shape. These have a mechanic or gustatory function.
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Papillae of the tongue

Papillae mechanica
Papillae filiformes: threadlike / function is directing food caudally.
They are heavily cornified like thorn in cat and ox
Papillae lentiformes: lentil-shaped
Papillae conicae: cone-shaped /located in laterally especially in ru.

Papillae gustotorica
Papillae fungiformes: mushroom-shaped / is scattered among the
more numerous filiform papillae
Papillae vallatae: ditchlike papillae circled by a cleft / The largest
and the least / located rostral side of the root
number is : 1 (eq), 1 (su), 2-3 (car), 8 (bo), 18-20 (ov)
Papillae foliatae:leaf-shaped mucosal folds / on the lateral side of
the root / absent in ox
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The floor of the tongue

Cavum sublinguale apicale
below of the apex lingua

frenulum linguae
Mucosal fold that connects the tongue to the base of
oral cavity

caruncula sublingualis
Skin tag or mole located sublingul region

Recessus sublingualis lateralis
Blind way (cul de sac - recess) at the lateral side of
the tongue

plica sublingualis
Mucosal fold between the tongue and gingiva
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Tonsil
Aggregation of lympathic tissue in the oropharyngeal area. Most
of them are diffuse and difficult to see. Generally named
according to their location such as;

Lingul tonsil ( eq, su ); locates in the root of the tongue

Palatine tonsil (absent in pig); situates in oropharynx

Pharyngeal tonsil; accumulates in Fornix pharyngis

Tonsilla tubaria ( car’da yok ); surrounds of opening of the
pharyngeal tube
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Dentes - The Teeth

The bony structure that play a role in
gathering
(prehension)
and
mastication
(chewing) of the food.

Another function of the teeth are weapons in
some animals

The teeth are sitting the alveolar groves of
the upper and lower jaws.

The arrangement of the teeth inside the
mouth named as dental arch
Arcus dentalis superior et inferior
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Teeth shape

Animals are separated two main groups as
1.Homodonts (fishes and reptiles)
2.Heterodonts (mammals except dolphin and whale)
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Heterodont teeth

Four main groups of teeth are distinguished
according to their location and function
1.Dentes incisivi; Incisors teeth (cutters)
The most rostral teeth embedded incisive bone
and mandible
2.Dentes canini; Canine teeth (pierces)
The large tooth between incisors and cheek teeth
3.Dentes premolares; Premolar teeth
The rostral cheek teeth
4.Dentes molares; Molar teeth
The caudal cheek teeth
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The Tooth surface
Each tooth has a number of surfaces

Facies occlusalis – chewing surface
Facies incisalis
Facies masticatorius

Facies vestibularis – the lips or cheeks surface

Facies lingualis – the tongue surface

Facies contactus – side adjacent the next
Facies mesialis
Facies distalis
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Number of dentition

Animals are divided 3 main groups according to tooth alteration in lifecycle
1.Monophyodontia (the whale)
2.Diphyodontia (the mammals)
Dentes decidui – milk teeth (baby teeth)
Dentes permanentes – adult teeth
3.Polyphyodontia (fishes, reptiles, elephant)
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Dental formula (su)

Because mammalian teeth are specialised for different functions, many of them have
lost teeth not needed in their adaptation and show differences between animals

It is a shorthand method (representation) indicating the type, the number and the
position of the teeth of an animal.

Due to bilateral symmetry, only half of each dental arcade is numbered in the formula.
So each line shows one quarter of the mouth

The line separates the jaws; Upper jaw is in above the line, lower jaw is in below

The teeth are represented by capital letter (I:incisor / C:canine / P:premolar / M:molar)
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Dental formula (su)

An adult pig has a full mouth of 44 permanent
teeth.

Dentes decidui
i3-c1-p3-m0
i3-c1-p3-m0

Dentes permanentes
i3-c1-p4-m3
i3-c1-p4-m3
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Dental formula (dog)

An adult dog has 42 teeth. The upper M3 tooth is
missing.

Upper P4 ve lower M1 are differentiated for pulling off
and tearing up are named dens sectorius (carnassial
teeth) denir.

Dental formula is not constant.

Dentes decidui
i3-c1-p3-m0
i3-c1-p3-m0

Dentes permanentes
i3-c1-p4-m2
i3-c1-p4-m3
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Dental formula (cat)

An adult cat has 30 teeth. Carnassial (sectorial) teeth are P3 in upper, M1 in lower jaw.
Dental formula can change according to races as it is in dog

Dentes decidui
i3-c1-p3-m0
i3-c1-p2-m0

Dentes permanentes
i3-c1-p3-m1
i3-c1-p2-m1
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Dental formula (human)

An adult man has 32 teeth.
i2-c1-p2-m3
i2-c1-p2-m3
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Dental formula (ruminant)

The ruminants have no canine tooth. They lack upper and lower P1. And Also the
upper incisors are missing and replaced by a dental pad.

An adult ruminant has 32 teeth.

Dental pad provides a heavily cornified epithelium
againts which the lower incisors grind food

Dentes decidui
i0-c0-p3-m0
i4-c0-p3-m0

Dentes permanentes
i0-c0-p3-m3
i4-c0-p3-m3
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Dental formula (horse)

In the mouth of horse, usually missing the upper P1 (wolf tooth – dens lupinus),
always missing the lower P1. In the mare, the canines are often lack or
rudimentary small.

An adult horse posses 40 teeth.

Dentes decidui
i3-c1-p3-m0
i3-c1-p3-m0

Dentes permanentes
i3-c1-p3-m3
i3-c1-p3-m3
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The parts of tooth

Corona dentis (crown)
The part projecting above the gum line

Collum dentis (neck)
The area between crown and root

Radix dentis (root)
The part below the gum line embedded
in the alveoli of bones
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Structure of Tooth

Cementum
A thin bone-like covering, most superficial layer

Enamel
The hardest substance in the body

Dentin
The hard substance similar to bone surrounding
the pulp cavity

Cavum dentis

Pulp
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Age estimation (horse)

At birth ; posses 6 incisors milk teeth

2nd age ; Milk teeth complate

2,5 of age ; 1.incisors change

3 of age

3,5 of age ; 2.incisors change

4 of age

4,5 of age ; 3.incisors change

5 of age

6 yaş
; 1.incisors dental star

7 yaş
; 2.incisors dental star

8 yaş
; 3.incisor dental star
; 1.incisors erupt
; 2.incisors erupt
; 3.incisors erupt
**Dental star is the darker secondary dentin
filling the pulp cavity as the occlusal surface
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Age of estimation (ruminants)
In sheep;

1 of age
; i1 erupt

2 of age
; i2 erupt

3 of age
; i3 erupt

4 of age
: i4 erupt
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GL.SALIVARIAE
(Salivary Glands)

Salivary glands are the accessory digestive organs (the extramural organ) that are
emptying (drains off) the secretion to the GI tract (the oral cavity) via ducts.

Saliva is the secretion of the glands consists of water, some proteins, electrolytes,
antibodies (IgA) and enzymes such as amilase (ptyalin) especially in human and pig.

Saliva aids in the formation of bolus during chewing and acts as lubricant during
swallowing.
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GL.SALIVARIAE
(Salivary Glands)

Glands are classified by their size and duct lenght

Minor Salivary Glands
They have very short ducts and are named based on
location i.e.labial, buccal, lingual

Major Salivary Glands
They empty their secretion via long duct
Parotid gland (serous)
Mandibular gland (mix)
Sublingual glands (mucous)
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Parotid Gland
(Glandula parotis)

Para (G) – near , Oetis (G) - Ear

The lobular gland locates below the ear. It
is positioned by caudal border of the
mandible, wing of atlas and root of auricle

It has light red colored than the adjacent
skeletal muscles

Serous secretion

Ductus parotideus
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Parotid Duct

The parotid duct is formed by the union of numerous small branch within the gland.

In Ox, Horse, Pig;
It runs first on the medial surface of the mandible after leaving the gland and
then goes to the ventral border to gain lateral surface. It passes from the notch
of vessels and runs rostrodorsally in the cheek to the buccal vestibule
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Parotid Duct

The parotid duct is formed by the union of numerous small branch within the gland.

In Dog, Cat, Sheep Goat, Human;
It crosses the lateral surface of the massater muscle directly, drills (pierces) the
cheek and opens the buccal vestibule.
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Mandibular Gland

It is an irregular-shaped (except in dog) gland
located caudal to the angle of the lower jaw.

It is larger than the parotid gland in ox and dog.

It is partly covered by parotid gland in horse and ox

Ductus mandibularis
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Mandibular Duct

The duct arises from the rostral edge of the
gland, runs rostrally under the floor of the oral
cavity and opens on the sublingual caruncle.
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Sublingual Salivary Gland

There are two groups of glands located under the tongue (intermandibular space)
and classified according to their ducts
1-Gl.sublingualis monostomatica
2-Gl.sublingualis polystomatica
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Monostomatic Sublingual Gland

The gland has one excretory duct named as Ductus sublingualis major

It is the secretory canal of the gland. It opens on sublingual caruncle at the base
of mouth.

The gland is absent in horse.
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Polystomatic Sublingual Gland

The gland consists of diffuse clusters of glandular tissue located on either side
of the tongue.

Each cluster has its own ducts named as ductus sublinguales minores. All the
ducts are open on the floor of the oral cavity separately.
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PHARYNX

The pharynx is a funnel-shaped, musculo-membranous passage that connects the
oral cavity with the oesophagus and the nasal cavity with the larynx.

Because of its position, the cavity acts as a common passageway for the digestive
and respiratory tracts. It serves the taken food and air into their related channel.
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PHARYNX

The pharynx is a funnel-shaped, musculo-membranous passage that connects the
oral cavity with the oesophagus and the nasal cavity with the larynx.

Because of its position, the cavity acts as a common pathway for the digestive and
the respiratory tracts. It serves the taken food and air into their related channel.
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The Parts of The Pharynx

Pars nasalis pharyngis (Nasopharynx)
The area above the soft palate

Pars oralis pharyngis (Oropharynx)
The area below the soft palate

Pars laryngea pharyngis (Laryngopharynx)
The area behind the soft palate
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Nasopharynx

A part of the respiratory channel located dorsal to the soft palate.

Two openings (nasopharyngeal ducts) provide the connection with nasal passage.
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Nosapharynx

Fornix pharyngis – Concave roof of the pharynx

Recessus pharyngeus – Blind way at the caudal border of the roof

Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae – The openings of the tuba auditiva at the
lateral wall of the pharynx
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Oropharynx

A part of the digestive tract located ventral to the soft palate.

The opening (aditus pharyngeus – pharyngeal entrance) provides the connection with
oral cavity. The area is narrower so named as isthmus facium
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Laryngopharynx

A common part for the foodway and airway. The area before the openings of the
larynx and esophagus.

Diverticulum pharyngeum (Ru, su) – Blind sac on the caudal wall of the pharynx

Recessus piriformis – blind way on the ventrolateral side of epiglottis
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The Walls of the Pharynx

The roof – supported by vomer and sphenoid bone

Vertebral wall – supported by occipital bone and atlas

Laryngoesophageal wall – supported by the muscles

Lateral walls – supported bu the pharyngeal muscles

Oro-ventral wall – supported by root of tongue
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The Openings for the Pharynx

Ductus nasopharyngeus (2) – opens to the nasal cavity

Aditus pharyngis (1) – opens to the oral cavity

Aditus laryngis (1) – opens to the larynx

Aditus esophageus (1) – opens to the esophagus

Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae (2) – opens to the eustachian tube
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OESOPHAGUS

Oesophagus is a narrow, musculo-membranous tube extends from the pharynx
to the stomach for transporting the foods. It runs backward through the neck
behind (upper side) the trachea, passes through the thoracic cavity at lenght
and terminates to the stomach in the abdomen.

Pars cervicalis

Pars thoracica

Pars abdominalis

Dorsal – Left - Dorsal
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OESOPHAGUS

Oesophagus is a narrow, musculo-membranous tube extends from the pharynx
to the stomach for transporting the foods. It runs backward through the neck
behind (upper side) the trachea, passes through the thoracic cavity at lenght
and terminates to the stomach in the abdomen.

Pars cervicalis

Pars thoracica

Pars abdominalis

Dorsal – Left - Dorsal
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Oesophagus

The bolus (the swallowed food) is dispatched towards the stomach through the
oesophagus by the movement of its muscular wall contraction.

The wall of the oesophagus;
- The connective tissue (externally)
Peristalsis
- The muscular layer;
Outer longitudinal and inner circular
muscles contract & relax alternately
(wavelike contraction)
- The mucous membrane (internally);
Plica longitudinalis – rosette like
appearance in cross section
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