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Livia Chan
AP US History – Period 3
November 30, 2010
Chapter 14: The Civil War ~ Key Terms (p.368-388)
The Confederacy- (p.368) est. 1861 in Montgomery, AL; consisted of 7 seceded southern states:
SC (1st to secede), MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX; new nation took over as much federal property as
possible and fed. govt. didn’t have power to stop state from seceding
Crittenden Compromise- (p.368) by Senator John J. Crittenden (KY); comp = permanent
existence of slavery but reestablish MO Comp line – all present and future terr. = free above line
and slave below; southerners = ok but Northerners = no b/c wanted slavery to stop expanding
Fort Sumter- (p.368-370) (in SC) target of Confeds., Lincoln planned to send supplies but not
weapons/troops unless supply ship = provoked -> left question of yes/no to war to Confeds ->
Confeds decided start war = better than seem cowardly -> April 12-13, 1831 battle b/w General
P.G.T. + Confeds vs. Major Robert Anderson + Union -> war began when Anderson surrendered
and 4 more states seceded: VA, AR, TN, NC
Union Advantages- (p.370) more manpower, made own weapons, better transportation system;
seemed to have material advantage of South
 Disadvantages- fighting in disadvantaged unfamiliar South, still unsure about war (no
motivation for fighting)
Seems ironic that Southern Advantages- (p.371) familiar grounds, passionate for war, cotton diplomacy, help of
b/c North and
other southerners who could be completely hostile toward Union armies
South, sectional
conflicts had torn  Disadvantages- poor communication/transportation network, less manpower, relied on Eur.
them apart while for weapons, less economically developed than North
at the moment,
nationalistic ideas
were becoming soRepublican Economic Policy- (p.374) Republicans = no opposing party so had power to create
popular,
nationalistic program to promote economic growth
supporting
 Homestead Act (1862): citizens who lived on land for 5 yrs = could claim 160 acres for
economic
low price
development
during war. Might
 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): public land given to state govts. to sell, proceeds go to
have been b/c
public edu. -> “land-grant institutions”
thought war

Tariffs: helped decrease foreign competition
would be quick
and easy, just as
the British had
Transcontinental RR- (p.374) Union Pacific RR Company built RR toward west from Omaha
during the Rev.
and Central Pacific RR Company built RR toward east from CA -> met in middle and connect;
War.
companies = financially supported by govt.
National Bank Acts- (p.374) 1863-1864 -> new national banking system, banks could join
systems if had enough capital and invested at least 1/3 in govt. securities -> those banks could
then issue U.S. Treasury notes that helped eliminate confusion over currency value and created
single system of national banknotes
Financing the War (North) - (p.374) used 3 methods: taxes, paper currency, and borrowing
 Taxes: taxed almost all goods/services, 1st income tax – taxation = only small portion of
financing war b/c kept low b/c opposition
 Paper currency: “greenbacks”, not backed by gold/silver and value changed according to
N. armies, issued $450 mill. in paper currency -> inflation
 Borrowing: sold bonds to ordinary citizens in addition to banks/wealthy – 1st ex. of mass
financing; produced most of $ for financing war
Union Drafting- (p.375) volunteers began to decline from beginning -> drafting (all young adult
males = eligible but could hire sub or pay govt. $300) -> increased volunteers but created draft
riots – not used to active national govt. that was becoming involved in lives, mostly consisted of
laborers, immigrants, Democrats who opposed war (aka Peace Democrats/Copperheads); July
1863 1st drafting = huge riot in NY -> 100+ deaths, immigrants = center of violence b/c claimed
war was to allow blacks to steal white jobs -> killed Afr. Amer. and burned buildings -> finally
stopped by fed. troops
Wartime Repression- (p.375-376) many people opposed war (mostly created by ideas of Peace
Democrats), Peace Democrats feared agr. NW losing influence on industrial east and states’
rights were being violated, Lincoln used power to suppress oppression: ordered arrests of
rebellious people, suspended habeas corpus (right of arrested person to trial), ignored Supreme
Court decision of releasing imprisoned MD secessionist leader
Union Party- (p.376) consisted of mainly Republ. and small group of War Democrats, election of
1824 nominated Lincoln for reelection and Andrew Johnson (War Democrat) for vice-president
Election of 1824- (p.376) Union Party = Lincoln, Demo. = George B. McClellan (tried to support
stop war); Lincoln won b/c Union had several victories which raised support/morale for war
Confiscation Acts- (p.376) 1861 slaves who were used in Confed war effort = free -> 1862 other
laws = no slavery in D.C. and western terr. w/ compensation to owners -> 1862 2nd Confiscation
Act = slaves belonging to people in support of Confed. = free and allowed president to accept
and Afr. Amer. as soldiers; motivation of war became emancipation b/c Northerners couldn’t
think of other reason worth large sacrifice -> Radical Republ. gain influence -> President
Lincoln decided to take chance to lead growing movement
Emancipation Proclamation- (p.376) Jan. 1, 1863 slaves = free in all Confed. areas (applied only
to seceded states); wasn’t very effective at first b/c states were under Confed. control -> wouldn’t
listen to Union law b/c considered selves separate nation; emancipation officially became war
goal for Union -> as Union became more powerful in war, most slaves freed, increased support
of antislavery movement -> a few states even abolished slavery -> 1865 13th Amendment:
abolish slavery in all parts of U.S.
Mistreatment of Black Soldiers- (p.377) even though most blacks were given non-combat jobs,
more black soldiers died than whites in war b/c died from disease from overworking in
unsanitary areas and killed if captured by Confeds (sometimes were returned to masters if they
had escaped); paid 1/3 less than whites
Hard Times for Workers- (p.378) during war, workers experienced difficulties b/c lost
purchasing of goods from South, more immigrants = more competition for jobs and lower wages,
mechanization = less need for human workers
Southern Divisions- (p.379) while most white southerners supported war and secession, other
whites + most blacks opposed them, poor whites in the countryside refused to recognize new
Confed. govt or serve in S. army (joined Union army) b/c was already used to limited slavery
Funding Problems- (p.379) in beginning, only asked states for $ but states didn’t want to tax
citizens and when states did pay $, it was usually uncertain values -> 1863 income tax where
people paid in percentage of produce (only equaled to 1% of govt. income), issued too many
bonds -> people didn’t believe in them, cotton diplomacy failed, issued $1.5 bill in paper
currency to pay for war -> extreme inflation
Raising the Confederate Army- (p.380-381) April 1862 Conscription Act from men age 18-35
for 3 years b/c decline in volunteers, draftee could hire sub but super expensive -> 1863
exception repealed b/c poor whites opposed, there was another exemption from war: if man had
20+ slaves; conscription worked for some time but by 1862, less effective b/c Union took over
many S. areas. = less men to draft
Manpower Shortages- (p.381) by 1864 short on men = drafting age 17-50 but many deserted, S.
planned on drafting 300,000 slaves but war ended before could happen
Economic Wars for South- (p.382) had awful effect on S. economy = couldn’t depend on N. to
buy crops, selling cotton overseas = difficult, farms/industries w/out large amount of slaves = no
workers, ruined RR system and farms/plantations, shortages on food/supplies b/c blockade and
focused too much on cotton and other exports, less med. care b/c doctors were drafted, inflation,
food riots
New Roles for Women- (p.383) men left to fight = women take over farms/plantations -> learned
to watch over slaves and work on farm, worked as teachers or in govt. agencies in Richmond,
large # went into nursing, women questioned subordinate status, after war = more women than
men in S.; more employment needs = expand acceptable roles for women
Slaves during the Civil War- (p.383) fear of slave revolts = stricter enforcement of slave codes,
many slaves ran away to Union, slaves left on plantations found it easier to resist authority of
wives and sons left in control
Lincoln’s quest for effective chief of Staff for Union Army- (p.384) 1st = General Winfield Scott:
hero of Mex. War but retired in Nov. 1861 -> 2nd = George B. McClellan: commander of Army
of Potomac (Union armies in East) but didn’t have good strategy and returned to being
commander in March 1862 -> no chief of staff for almost rest of year -> 3rd = General Henry W.
Halleck: horrible strategist and left important decision making to president -> March 1864
Ulysses S. Grant: shared belief w/ Lincoln of attacking S. armies and resources as strategy rather
than taking over land as goal
King Cotton Diplomacy- (p.387) Southerners had hoped to convince British to join forces by
saying English/French textile industries relied on South’s cotton; failed b/c English had surplus
cotton and when ran out, French/English got cotton from areas near Asia, even w/ thousands of
people losing jobs, they cont. to support Union cause, no nation wanted to get on bad side of U.S.
Trent Affair- (p.387) 1861 Union captured Trent, British boat and arrested James M. Mason and
John Slidell (Confed. diplomats) -> British demand release and apology b/c violated maritime
law -> Union released Confeds b/c didn’t want to start war w/ England
Second Diplomatic Crisis w/ England- (p.387) England sailed 6 ships to Confeds during Civil
War b/c Confeds couldn’t build them -> later U.S. blamed damage of war on Britain for violating
neutrality rules
Native Americans and the Civil War- (p.388) Five Civilized Tribes, had civil war in Ind. Terr.
over who to side w/: some wanted Confeds b/c despised way U.S. treated them before and some
Ind. leaders owned slaves, others = North b/c disliked slavery; ended up fighting for both sides
December 2, 2010
Chapter 14: The Civil War ~ Key Terms (p.388-399)
High Casualties- (p.388) 618,000+ Amer. died in Civil War, more than all wars before Vietnam
combined; became most romanticized and most studied of all Amer. wars b/c casualties and
strategies of such brilliant military leaders
Civil War would
expectedly have Repeating Weapons- (p.388) 1835 Samuel Colt = repeating pistol (revolver), 1860 Oliver
more casualties
Winchester = repeating rifle; new repeating weapons and other new weapons = new way of
than many wars
fighting: formation fighting = more deaths so learned to hide under cover -> more chaotic
combined b/c
fighting against fighting and first time formation fighting not used
each other, which
means double
st
deaths than war 1 Battle of Bull Run- (p.384) July 21, 1861 Confeds under P.G.T. Beauregard defeated Union
w/ foreign nation. army under General Irvin McDowell b/c Union army panicked and ran away but Confeds didn’t’
go after b/c panicked too and low on supplies; showed war wouldn’t be quick and decreased
Union morale
Capture of New Orleans- (p.390) 1862 Union somewhat easily captured city b/c Confed. thought
would be coming from N. instead of up from Gulf of MX; 1st major Union victory, Union took
over MS. R. -> closed Confed trade and New Orleans = South’s largest city + important banking
center
Battle of Antietam- (p.393) 1862 McClellan found copy of Lee’s plans and met at Antietam
Creek, McClellan didn’t attack at first, allowing Confeds to get organized and ready, Jackson
joined Lee and fought against McClellan -> ended up retreating; McClellan could’ve defeated
army but didn’t, largest battle of Civil War, McClellan finally forever removed from command
Battle of Chancellorsville- (p.393) 1863 Lee and Jackson Confed armies combined to force
General Joseph Hooker’s Union army to run away; Jackson died from pneumonia after injury
March to the Sea- (p.398) Union William T. Sherman marched w/ army across GA, deliberately
destroyed supplies they didn’t need and plantations/towns; point was to destroy Confed supplies
and communication, and to show southerners there was no hope left
Appomattox Courthouse- (p.398) Apr. 9, 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant in VA -> Apr. 18
Johnston surrendered to Sherman -> Davis refused to recognize loss & fled -> captured in GA ->
some southerners cont. to fight but soon stopped; even though war was over, had to face what to
deal with Confed. states