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SNC1P 3.6 Electric Potential and Cells Electrons travel through a circuit with different amounts of energy. That is why a 1.5V cell does not give you a shock while a shock from an outlet at 120V could seriously harm you. The energy that each electron has is called the electric potential. It is the force exerted by the speed of an electron. Electric potential is commonly referred to as voltage. The SI unit (Système International d’Unités) used to measure electric potential is the volt, and the symbol is V. Common Sources with their Voltages Source of Electric Potential Voltage (volts) Tape playback head 0.015 Human cell 0.08 Microphone 0.1 Photocell 0.8 Electrochemical cell 1.1 to 2.9 Electric eel 650 Portable generators 24, 120, 240 Wall outlets in house 120, 240 Generators in power stations 550 Electrochemical Cells Primary Cells There are two basic types of primary cells: the primary wet cell (voltaic cell) and the primary dry cell. In a primary cell, chemical reactions use up some of the materials in the cell as electrons flow from it. When these materials have been used up, the cell is said to be discharged and cannot be recharged. SNC1P The Primary Wet Cell The primary wet cell, or voltaic cell, was developed in 1800 by an Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta. It is called a wet cell because it is made of two pieces of metal that are placed in a liquid. The metal plates, usually zinc and copper, are called electrodes. The liquid in the cell is called and electrolyte. An electrolyte is any liquid that conducts an electric current. The zinc electrode collects negative charge and therefore is called the negative terminal (anode) and the copper electrode collects positive charge and is called the positive terminal (cathode). These electric charges remain static on each electrode. Cells discharge only when connected to a closed electric circuit. The Primary Dry Cell The familiar primary dry cell functions in the same way as a primary wet cell, but the electrolyte is a moist paste rather than a liquid. When most of the negative electrode has been used up by the chemical reaction, the electrons stop flowing, and the cell is discharged. Two common types of dry cells are silver oxide/potassium hydroxide and alkaline cells (powdered zinc/manganese dioxide). The printed warnings on battery blister packs are there for your safety. It is unsafe to recharge disposable (primary) cells and batteries. The chemical reaction is not reversible in these cells, so attempting to recharge them only makes them heat up and possibly explode. Over time, even unused dry cells may discharge, that is why an expiry date is printed on the packaging. Secondary Cells Unlike single-use, disposable primary cell, a secondary cell can be discharged and recharged many hundreds of times. It is called a secondary cell because there are two chemical processes involved, one to discharge the cell, and another to recharge it to its original state. Cells in Series The electric potential given to a single electron by a dry cell has an absolute maximum value of slightly under 2V. The value depends on the two materials used for the two electrodes of the cell. However, by connecting cells together in a series circuit, it is possible to obtain much higher voltages. SNC1P Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 + … Therefore the total voltage available is the sum of all cells connected in series. Cells in Parallel Sometimes the amount of voltage is enough with one dry cell; however the size of the cell (which determines the amount of chemicals) does have a limit based on what it powers. Because of this, the cells must last longer, or provide voltage for longer periods of time. To do this we connect the cells in parallel. In this configuration, each cell contributes at charging electrons (more electrons charged at once), but the electric potential is not changed Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 = … Therefore the total voltage available is voltage of the highest cell. SNC1P Worksheet 3.6: Electricity and Electric Circuits 1. Define the term “electric potential”. 2. Why is it possible to measure an electric potential across the terminals of a dry cell, even if electrons are not flowing into the circuit? 3. Explain, in terms of the energy of the electrons, why someone would receive a severe electric shock from a 120V source, yet hardly notice the electric shock from a 6V battery. 4. What energy changes occur in an electrochemical cell when electric current flows form it? 5. Explain the difference between a primary cell and a secondary cell. 6. Why is it necessary for one electron to leave the circuit at the positive terminal of the cell every time an electron enters the circuit from the negative terminal? 7. Explain the difference between a cell and a battery? 8. Why are cells connected in series? 9. Why are cells connected in parallel? 10. Draw a schematic circuit diagram showing 5 cells connected in series and another diagram showing 4 cells connected in parallel.