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Download AP Biology Lab Review Lab One – Diffusion and Osmosis How do
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AP Biology Lab Review Lab One – Diffusion and Osmosis How do you test for the presence of glucose? How do you test for the presence of starch? Why would starch not cross a semipermeable membrane that glucose is crossing? In Exercise 1B, what was the I.V.? what was the D.V.? What is the formula for calculating percent change? Why is it important to use percent change rather than total change? What is the water potential of pure water in an open container at normal atmospheric pressure? Is the solute potential of sugar water positive, negative, or zero? In the equation Ψs = iCRT, what do i, C, R, and T signify? What will happen to a plant cell placed in distilled water? In very salty water? What will happen to an animal cell in those conditions? Lab Two – Enzyme Catalysis What is a catalyst? Why does the graph on page 21 flatten out after six or seven minutes? What is the purpose of H2SO4 in this lab? How does it accomplish that purpose? What is the function of KMnO4? Predict the effect that lowering temperature would have on the rate of enzyme activity. Lab Three – Mitosis and Meiosis In this lab we observed onion cells. Why did we choose cells from the root tip? You observe 100 cells. Fourteen of them are seen to be in prophase. A cell cycle takes 24 hours. How long does prophase last? How does mitosis in plant cells differ from mitosis in animal cells? When do chiasmata form? What function do they serve? The fungus Sordaria is normally haploid. What happens to make it diploid? Why are the eight ascospores in the asci that we looked at composed of four light and four dark? Twenty-five asci were examined, and 16 of them show crossing over. What is the map distance? Why do you divide the percentage of crossover asci by two? The map distance is the relative distance between the gene and what? Lab Four – Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis When chromatography solvent moved 5.0 mm, chlorophyll b moved 1.0 mm. Calculate Rf. In Exercise 4B, identify two different independent variables. What was the dependent variable? In the table on page 49, why are different amounts of distilled H2O used in the different groups? What molecule found in chloroplasts does DPIP replace in this experiment? What is the source of electrons that will reduce DPIP? How do we measure the amount of DPIP in the cuvettes? How did darkness affect the reduction of DPIP? Why? How did boiling affect the reduction of DPIP? Why? What was the control in this experiment? Lab Five – Cell Respiration In the equation PV = nRT, what does each letter signify? What is the function of KOH in this experiment? Why is that important? In the table on page 56, why do respirometers 2 and 5 contain plastic beads? What is the purpose of respirometers 3 and 6? In the table on page 58, how is “Corrected diff. Δ” obtained? Why is this important? Identify two independent variables in this experiment. Identify the dependent variable. Identify a different dependent variable that could have been used to test the same hypotheses. If respiration in a small mammal were studies at both room temperature (21oC) and 10oC, what results would you expect? What results would you expect if it were a small reptile instead of a mammal? Lab Six – Molecular Biology What purpose do restriction enzymes serve in nature? (i.e., why did they evolve?) What is the difference between conjugation and transduction? Define “competent”. In step 9 on page 66, what is the purpose of the brief pulse of heat? In the illustration on page 71, why does the rightmost lane show only a single band? What force draws DNA through the gel? In which direction? What do you call the kind of grid shown on page 74? Will this graph be more accurate for small fragments or for large ones? Why? How can a mutation that alters a recognition site be detected by gel electrophoresis? How are RFLP’s useful in forensics? Lab Seven – Genetics of Organisms In step five on page 81, why are the parent flies removed and killed? What is the expected ration of phenotypes in the F1 cross between two true-breeding lines? What is the expected ration of phenotypes in the F2 generation? What is the expected ration of phenotypes if females from the F1 (heterozygous) were crossed with true-breeding males with a recessive trait? Lab Seven – Statistical Analysis Section What is a null hypothesis? What are degrees of freedom (df)? Calculate X2 for the data in tables 7.3 and 7.4. For these data, do you accept or reject the null hypothesis? To what level of probability? Explain the following cartoon: Lab Eight – Population Genetics and Evolution What conditions are necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? In a large population, would it be possible to completely eliminate a deleterious recessive allele? Why or why not? What will be the effect of heterozygote advantage on the genetic variation of a population? The allele for unattached earlobes is dominant of the allele for attached earlobes. In a population of 500 individuals, 25% show the recessive phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this trait? Lab Nine – Transpiration In what part of the plant is water potential highest? Where is it lowest? What is the advantage of closed stomata to a plant when water is in short supply? What are the disadvantages? Name two physiological adaptations that enable plants to reduce water loss from their leaves. Name one structural adaptation. What are the functions of xylem and phloem? Lab Ten – Physiology of the Circulatory System Blood pressure is always given as two numbers. What is each number called? What does each number signify? What is the baroreceptor reflex? Are blood pressure and heart rate higher when you are standing or when you are reclining? Why? How would temperature affect the heart rate of an ectothermic organism such as Daphnia? How might temperature affect the heart rate of an endotherm? Lab Eleven – Animal Behavior Define the following: Taxis Kinesis Agonistic Behaviors Mating behaviors Page 127 shows an illustration of a “choice chamber.” What is the choice being offered? Page 128 has a data table for recording 20 separate observations. Why? Why not just one? Would an isopod’s response to moisture be classified as kinesis or taxis? Why? Find two things wrong with this graph: 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time 8 9 10 11 12 KINESIS IN PILLBUGS 5 10 15 20 Number in wet chamber (out of 20 total) Lab Twelve – Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity Based on the graph on page 137, will you find more dissolved oxygen in cold or warm water? Based on the graph on page 137, will you find more dissolved oxygen in fresh or salt water? Water at 5oC contains 6 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. How saturated is it? (Use the monogram on page 139.) What are three ways that primary productivity can be measured? How is net primary productivity determined? A mammal uses only 1-2% of its energy to breathe, while a fish uses up to 15% of its energy to move water over its gills. Explain this huge difference in their efforts to collect oxygen.
