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Introduction to Educational Research (5th ed.) Craig A. Mertler & C.M. Charles Chapter 1 Educational Research: Its Nature and Rules of Operation 1 Seeking Answers to Questions • Familiar sources of information: » Tradition—relying on past behaviors » Authority—seek out opinions of experts » Common sense—logical human reasoning • Familiar sources often prove to be unsuccessful…why? • Less familiar sources of information: » Science—study and theoretical explanation » Scientific method—systematic discovery of facts and relationships » Research—systematic investigation 2 The Scientific Method • Definition—strategy used to determine facts and relationships; then used to answer questions and resolve problems » Facts—agreements made by people knowledgeable in the field » Relationships—cause-and-effect associations among facts » Common sense—logical human reasoning • Scientific method is a procedure for thinking and making decisions objectively 3 The Scientific Method (cont’d.) • Steps involved in the process: (1) Identify a problem (2) State the main question inherent in the problem (3) State a hypothesis (4) Collect information related to the question (5) Analyze and interpret information (6) Form conclusions derived from analysis/interpretation (7) Use conclusions to verify/reject hypothesis • Steps may not be followed in precise order; dependent on specific type of research being used 4 Educational Research • The application of the scientific method to educational phenomenon • Steps involved in the process: (1) Identify a problem (2) State the main question inherent in the problem (3) State a hypothesis (4) Review pertinent and related literature (5) Collect information related to the question (6) Analyze and interpret information (7) Form conclusions derived from analysis/interpretation (8) Use conclusions to verify/reject hypothesis 5 Educational Rules of Operation • Necessary to credibly obtain reliable/valid information from which to draw conclusions • Legal Principles (for the use of human subjects): » National Research Act of 1974 » Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (1974) » College/school district institutional review boards 6 Educational Rules of Operation (cont’d.) • Ethical Principles (moral aspects of research): » Principle of beneficence » Principle of honesty » Principle of accurate disclosure • Philosophical Principles (anticipated value of investigation): » Principle of importance » Principle of generalizability » Principle of replicability » Principle of probability 7 Educational Rules of Operation (cont’d.) • Procedural Principles: » Principle of researchability » Principle of parsimony » Principle of credibility » Principle of rival explanations • A few words about the benefits of practically-oriented research…EDUCATORS AS RESEARCHERS 8 Applying Technology… Web sites addressing ethical research practices • Bowling Green State University, Office of Sponsored Programs and Research (SPAR) (http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/spar/hsrb) • University of Minnesota, Office of the Institutional Review Board (http://www.irb.umn.edu/) • Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46) (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/oprr/humansubjects/45cfr46.htm) • American Educational Research Association (AERA) Ethical Standards (http://www.aera.net/about/policy/ethics.htm) • American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Code of Professional Ethics and Practices (http://www.aapor.org/ethics/code.html) 9