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This is an early religious movement in the 1740s that led to the idea of making contracts around common principles. It led to the formation of new Christian denominations, and united colonies with common cultural experience before Revolution. First Great Awakening This British rule prohibited the American colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War. Royal Proclamation of 1763 These British laws embodied mercantilism, restricting shipping from North American colonies to English ships only. The inability to trade with other countries contributed to colonial frustration with England before Revolution. Navigation Acts This 1765 British law taxed printing in the colonies to pay for the ongoing cost of housing British soldiers after the French and Indian War. It resulted in colonial protests contributing to the Revolution. Stamp Act Spanish and French support of this colonial North American conflict was primarily based on the ability of colonists to win and a desire to see England weakened. European countries and the American Revolution This weak basis of federation between the 13 colonies maintained unity during the American Revolution and created a system by which territories became new states in the future. Articles of Confederation This set of agreements balanced the interests of large Southern slave states with smaller Northeastern states to replace the Articles of Confederation. Constitutional Compromises This collection of amendments to the Constitution was designed to ensure individual and state’s rights, as well as convince antifederalists to ratify the Constitution. Bill of Rights George Washington issued a statement in 1793 requiring that the United States stay out of any conflicts between France and Spain and it became guiding principle of U.S. foreign policy for 100 years. Proclamation of Neutrality The first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political ideals took place when Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams. Election of 1800 Supreme Court Justice John Marshall established judicial review, the ability of the courts to declare Acts of Congress unconstitutional, with this decision in 1803. Marbury v. Madison Thomas Jefferson bought this land from France and more than doubled the size of the United States of America in a move that was counter to his Republican value of a modest Executive. Louisiana Purchase This was the last international conflict fought on American land between England and the U.S. over England’s impressments of American sailors. The War was basically a stalemate. War of 1812 1823 Presidential declaration that any European effort to interfere with or colonize the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act against the United States of America. Monroe Doctrine Disagreement between Democratic President Andrew Jackson and the Whigs over state or federal support of financial institutions. Jackson’s victory caused the Panic of 1837. The Bank War Whig Henry Clay’s economic strategy of high tariffs to promote domestic manufacturing growth and prevent England from economic domination of the U.S. Also included a focus on a national bank and government support for infrastructure. The American System This period of the early 1800s was dominated by the building of waterways to improve transportation and connect the Northeast U.S. with the Great Lakes region. The canal era The Northeast led this transportation revolution. Conflicts between the North and South prevented Western expansion of this network until Civil War. This led to industrial growth th in late 19 Century. The growth of railroads The leading abolitionist who published The Liberator in 1831. His advocacy of women’s rights split the Abolitionist movement in 1839. William Lloyd Garrison This 1816 organization implemented plans to have freed slaves emigrate to Liberia in Africa. This organization was made up of people who wanted blacks out of the U.S. as well as abolitionists. American Colonization Society This 1820 deal allowed Maine to become part of the U.S. as a free state, Missouri as a slave state, land South of 36’ 30º to have slavery, and all other territory in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36’ 30º to be free except Missouri. Missouri Compromise This Supreme Court case declared that slaves were not citizens under the U.S. Constitution and therefore no state could afford them rights of persons. The backlash against this decision increased support for the antislavery cause. Dred Scott v. Sandford This deal admitted California as a free state and created the newly strengthened Fugitive Slave Act that led to violent reclaiming of escaped slaves. Compromise of 1850 This law ended the Missouri Compromise by instituting popular sovereignty for states joining Union. This led to “Bleeding Kansas” as slave factions violently fought. KansasNebraska Act This issue was of major concern to Lincoln early in the war. Eventually, foreign countries were content to remain neutral in order to maintain trade relations with both North and South. European countries and the Civil War Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 declaration that slaves in states that do not rejoin the Union are free. The declaration was more of a moral and political statement than a policy that had any immediate effect. Emancipation Proclamation This was tenant farming by former slaves after the Civil War in economic and social conditions that were not much different than slavery. Sharecropping A group of federal elected officials from Abraham Lincoln’s Party who wanted severe punishment of Southern states after the Civil War. Their approach was abandoned after 1877. Radical Republicans Two leading African American scholars that had opposing views on how African Americans would overcome institutional racism. The first believed in integration and civil rights. The second believed in self help. W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washinton Mid-19th Century American writer that advocated extreme individualism, self reliance, and peaceful harmony with nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson This 1890 law prohibited the vertical or horizontal integration of companies creating monopolistic domination of a market. It was first used to stop unions, though, instead of corporations. Sherman Anti-Trust Act Late 19th Century political movement supporting farmers and the working-class over the wealthy. They wanted an end to the gold standard, the implementation of a graduated income tax, and government controlled utilities. Populism Immigrants primarily came to U.S. for better economic circumstances. Early immigrants were English and German. Midcentury were Irish and late were Eastern Europeans. th 19 century immigration Woodrow Wilson’s principles for world peace after the First World War including forming the League of Nations. U.S. Senate failed to ratify the League of Nations, promoting isolationism instead. Fourteen Points 1920s single women who enjoyed the good life of new dancing, drinking, and freedoms associated with modernism. “Flappers” F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway wrote about characters who were disillusioned with modern American life. Gertrude Stein called such writers the “Lost Generation.” Writers of the “Jazz Age” Three Republican presidents in a row advocated a close, cooperative relationship between government and business. Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover Low prices and drought made this American product in the 1920s a major cause of the Great Depression of the 1930s. At a time when other parts of the country were thriving, this industry failed. 1920s agriculture This economic crash of 1930s led to the New Deal. It was caused by international trade restrictions, inflated stock market speculation, and failing farms in the 1920s. The Great Depression This 1932 Democratic candidate disagreed with Hoover’s comparatively hands-off approach to the failing economy. He led the greatest increase in federal power in U.S. history. Franklin Delano Roosevelt This is FDR’s plan to end the Great Depression. It created federal financing of electrical plants, social security, bank and securities regulations, and the right to form unions during the 1930s. The New Deal This character in government advertising symbolized a major consequence of WWII on the home front: the entrance of women into the industrial workforce. “Rosie the Riveter” This imprisoned some Asian Americans to prevent domestic espionage during World War II. It was declared constitutional by the Supreme Court in the widely criticized case of Korematsu v. United States. JapaneseAmerican Internment Camps An effort led by one U.S. Senator to expose Russian communist sympathizers during the 1950s. Investigations and interrogations were ultimately considered excessive. McCarthyism This 1954 Supreme Court case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and found that educational opportunities could not be separate and equal under the U.S. Constitution. Brown v. Board of Education This Congressional authorization was used by Lyndon Johnson to justify military action in Vietnam. This authorization took place after the U.S. Navy was allegedly attacked in Asia. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution