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Women from 1500s onward By: Banana Women in Europe, and later, U.S. In medieval Europe, women could only participate in church as nuns - witch-hunts (late 1500s - 1600s), many women were killed - showed tensions between popular religion and traditional beliefs - women used by bourgeoisie & nobility to increase family’s status and wealth - status very closely linked to husbands or fathers - could rule in some countries - women of high status were more repressed but had higher standard of living - some widows had land and properties - marriages not arranged (only those of wealthy), later than other countries (b/c save $ for dowry) - late marriage low birthrate limited family size - some unmarried mothers had to abandon child, forced women into brothels (prostitution) - women in Europe had relatively more privileges than other regions - some were painters, writers, musicians; literacy rates highest in Europe - still couldn’t go to school, join guilds, get into most jobs During the Enlightenment - women were very important in spreading ideas - bought books, discussed, contributed by writing, arguing women rights, meeting held at salons - women stormed Versailles b/c of bread prices - under Robespierre rule, women lost power (the ones who had helped progress revolution) During the Industrial Revolution - at the beginning, women continued to work mainly at home, on the farm, or in textile mills - earned ⅓ or ½ less than men - some began to manage business or participate in family’s - after a while, society tried to confine women to homes and domestic life - some resisted; Mary Wollstonecraft wrote Vindication of the rights of Woman (1792) - Women’s Rights Convention @ Seneca Falls, NY (1848) - called for economic independence, legal rights (esp. vote), better conditions at work - Canadian women had to get doctorates in US, Argentina & Uruguay were first in Latin America to give women public education (late 1800s) - most progress in careers that affected men the least (teaching) - more and more women were working outside home “Victorian Age” - men and women in “separate spheres”, distinct and strict gender roles - women stayed at home, ran household and family’s social life - hard in middle class, had to work a lot (but had servants and new technology) - raised children, very involved with their education and upbringing, girls educated differently - young women could work (in stores, offices) till they married - some schools for higher education for women in US - less in Europe, could only teach till they got married - working class women had to work and take care of household - textiles, domestic service, raise children very hard lives - young girls were expected to contribute to family - some laws passed regulating hours for women and banned them from harsh labor - married women had to stay at home and earn income - later, women like Clara Zetkin, Emma Goldman, etc called for liberation of women - After WWI (1920s) - women got more rights (to vote (New Zealand 1st)) - participated in social reforms, promotion of birth control, abortion - ex: Jane Addams, Margaret Sanger - After WWII - women allowed in more jobs (that were once men’s) - some men opposed and took them away labor shortage Americas In Spanish America and Brazil, much of a woman’s privileges depended on male’s status - courts sometimes interfered to keep slave couples together - most slaves were male (twice as much males imported as females) - women made up majority of the three labor gangs on plantations - nursing moms took baby with them to fields - low life expectancy b/c hard for women to work and be pregnant, harsh conditions - some slave women who had relationships w/ planters were freed Islamic countries - more women and children taken to be slaves (b/c they were more docile, less likely to rebel) - rarely seen in public, rooms at home (anderun/harem) separate from rest of family’s - in some cases, women were very active in urban real estate (sold inherited shares of land) - could keep late after marriage - could testify in court (though word not as regarded as men’s) - had to wear clothes that completely covered arms, legs, and hair - only old or slave women were seen often in public Ottoman Empire - during Tanzimat reforms, men were given right, but women weren’t - less opportunities for women, not allowed to work in factories and other jobs - “women’s work” done by men or machines - did gain more power in early 1800s (through fixed shares of inheritance) - had own personal wealth uncontrolled by husband - however, this practice was ended in 1820s and 30s Iran - under Shah Pahlavi, women allowed education, and to work - after the Iranian Revolution, women were strictly repressed, had to cover their entire body China - Cixi became empress, though she was corrupt, caused decentralization - Mao promoted equality of women India - British abolished sati, female infanticide, and laws against females divorcing (1800s) - colleges opened for women, ex: Bethune College Africa - white women didn’t participate in beginning of colonization, only after peace is established - some were kind to their servants, but always subordinate to men - African women were captured - some became traders, or owners of livestock - “women work” were only available to men Russia - Soviet women allowed into some industries and professions - during war, many women took the place of men in factories and jobs (same in the west) In the end… - women conferences: “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women” - criticism of Eastern ways (Muslim)