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APUSH Final Review 1492-1754 Politics 1754-1789 Proprietary, Royal and Charter colonies House of Burgesses=1st legislature Appointed/elected governors Land requirements for voting National Government: King/Parliament Traditional rights of Englishmen Salutory Neglect Men dominant Landed gentry Farm: communities with ind. property owners Pennsylvania: Quakers, opposed by Germans and Scots-Irish Brit victory in Great War– restrictive laws, taxes - colonists rebel Charles Townshend – more taxes Lord North compromises (only tax tea) – Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress – boycott British goods Second Continental Congress – Cont. army Independence declared 7/4/1776 Alliance with France Aztec empire: great cities and huge monuments Catholic Church powerful force in Europe. -Combating other religions an obligation of rulers -prime force in developing New Spain Reformation strength in northern Europe Puritans, opposed Catholic influences in the Church of England, -focused church authority in local congregations. -thousands of Puritan migrants to AmericaReligious persecution -sought to create a religious commonwealth -blended representative government with established religion. -drew heavily on the teachings of John Calvin -believed that God had infused their members with grace -Dissenters suffered banishment from the Bay colony French missionaries converted few Indians Middle colonies= religious and ethnic diversity - Germans and Scots-Irish opposing Quaker leadership Enlightenment emphasized human reasonDiest "Great Awakening." -Pietist stressed emotion and mystical union with God. -George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards -questioned religious taxes and the authority of ministers. -New Light Presbyterians challenge to Church of England -Baptist revivalists popular w/ poor whites and black slaves 1789-1815 1815-1850 T. Jefferson -Northeastern merchants/ creditors less power -policies help yeomen farmers -reverse Federalist policies -reduce national debt, size of the army, length of U.S. residency for naturalization (Alien&SeditionActs) -limit judiciary -Bank of the U.S. -state gov’t: commonwealth system -democratic republican -universal suffrage for free white males -slavery: Missouri Crisis, Atlantic slave trade -John Marshall Economy Religion Social Class/Gender Indians: Egalitarian, equivalent gender roles, clan/family-oriented Europeans: Mostly men. Social status dependent on indentured servants, quantities of land. Slaves. Political revolution popularized the idea of religious liberty -rejected the idea of a single, state-supported church -Anglicans renounced their allegiance to the king -Virginia, New York, and New Jersey end established church established churches remained in New England and South Racism. Varying familial structures between races. Large families. -Second Great Awakening - shift away from leading churches - more evangelical and democratic - own free will and salvation - philanthropic gestures - African Americans shift towards Christianity -Women -Republican Motherhood -evangelical Protestant believed it was their obligation to establish a moral and virtuous society. ~Charles Grandison Finneyprotestant revivalist -aided reform efforts -free will (to reform own life) and God’s saving grace -resisted by Catholics -strengthened protestant and reform in U.S. ~Transcendentalism (Emerson) - challenge traditional religion -emphasis on the individual -philosophy: European Romanticism ~Shakers -leader: Mother Anne -God was both male and female (equal gender opportunities) ~John Humphrey -Second Coming of Christ already happened=people could aspire to freedom from sin ~Mormons -Joseph Smith (founder) -anti individualism -patriarchal/ Polygamy Landowners and creditors push farmers into bankruptcy Women’s edu. New Jersey-woman Domestic sphere for women-Republican Motherhood, nation’s future citizens South-hereditary -South -Revivalism -preachers suppressed democratic notions of equality and instead emphasized the rule of patriarchs and slave-owning planters. 1850-1877 could vote Some Nat.Am. resistance Farmers prosper Slave culture Science/Inventions 1752- Ben Franklin makes the lightning rod 1780- Ben Franklin; bifocal lenses 1783- Ben Hanks; selfwinding clock 1787-John Fitch; steam boat Art/Architecture Cotton Gin-Eli Whitney Interchangeable parts Railroads Industrialization Georgian/Plantation style Architecture Gilbert Stewart’s Portraits Thomas Paine Monticello Spanish and French Colonial Architecture Geography Spain control of Florida English claim Dutch colonies Colonization of Chesapeake Virginia Co. est. Jamestown 1607 Puritans est. New England West movement 13 colonies Ohio River Valley 13 states Spanish control of Florida Westward expansion French control of Louisiana and Mississippi Globalization - 1492 Columbus discovered the Americas - Others explorers such as La Salle, Amerigo Vespucci, Balboa, Cartier, Cortez, Drake, De Gamma, Magellan, Pizarro, -From France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, and England - Mass migration to the Americas - Mercantilism set controls on colonial trade -Slave trade - Still mass migration including tenant farmers, slaves, and immigrants - Conflict with France in French Indian War 1754 -Land claimed by foreign imperialism -Westward Expansion -Appalachians, Ohio River Valley, NY -Transportation, charters, subsidies -Encroach on Native territory aristocracy White male demanded voting rights in North Slavery Labor Unions Ind. Rev-raised standards of living while separating classes, Business Elite, Middle Class, Urban Poor Factory system (Lowell) Steam/coal power Plantation style Architecture Slave songs “Washington Crossing the Delaware” Transcendentalism (Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman) Hudson River School Brook Farm -southern planter migration to cotton lands of Old Southwest -small southern migration to Old Northwest -New Englanders to Great Lakes Basin Reform Dramatic changes across the European continent, including the Protestant Reformation and the period of major inflation known as the Price Revolution, led to economic upheaval in England after 1550. Some groups, such as the gentry and yeomen farmers, thrived in an inflation-fueled economy, but aristocrats lost their wealth and declined in influence. Environment In a process of transfer known as the Columbian Exchange, the food products of the Western Hemisphere became available to the peoples of other continents. Similarly, the livestock, crops, and diseases of Africa and Eurasian lands became a part of the American environment. By the eighteenth century, dramatic increases in population and overcrowding of the land threatened freehold society in New England War/Diplomacy Mobs, many led by women, protested high prices and deprivation, threatening merchants and pressuring local governments; social order began to unravel. While several southern states saw masters arrange to have their slaves buy their freedom, such developments were short lived. Most southern whites did not want a biracial society and advocated legislation that made it more difficult to manumit slaves. Spanish conquistadors Battles of Lexington and Concord America became a battleground involving native peoples and European states. Declaration of IndependenceBritain launched a full-scale war against the confederation of states. Nathaniel Bacon/settlers: war against Indian groups and then against the royal government. -persuaded planters and merchants to distribute political power more equitably Britain and France battled to control Western Europe -spread to North America -Virginians were engaged in hostilities with France and Indian allies -escalated into French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War Washington’s victories as Trenton, Princeton The British defeated at Saratoga -convinced the French ally British mission to recapture South American and French troops on land and the French fleet at sea Cornwallis t at Yorktown. War in Europe: Inflation for grain and coffeewhich threatened US to become involved with the war. Americans split between federalists and republicanism-general population wanting republicanism Social segregation between north and southstarting to show that the civil war is coming Slave Rebellion: David Walker wrote pamphlet, started Nat Turner’s rebellion to help Walkers cause Internal Conflict continues to rise British seized ships to stop American interferance in war. Washington raised army to suppress rebellion. War of 1812: split the nation: New England vs the US/ negotiated peace, annexed Florida, settlement of boundaries with British Canada and Spanish Texas Napoleonic Wars: Struggled to maintain neutrality/ men imprisoned from British/ British attack on Navy Vessel Chesapeake War of 1812: DC burned-embarrassment to US/ signed treaty that restored prewar conditions/ moral restored country The War with Mexico: US gained California, New Mexico, and Texas. 1846-1848 US agreed to 49th parallel with Britain to avoid war [split Oregon]
