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Review Sheets
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. Write the balanced chemical formula for photosynthesis:
6H2O + 6CO2
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Energy
2. Write the balanced chemical formula for aerobic cellular respiration.
Energy
6O2 + C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O
3. What is energy? What are organisms that get their energy from the sun called?
What special pigment do most of these organisms have?
a. Energy is the ability to do work. Organisms that get their
energy from the sun are known as autotrophs and they
contain chlorophyll.
4. What is the name of the principle molecule that stores energy for organisms?
What part of the molecule is the key to how these molecules work? (Be specific,
is it the attachment or the removal of this molecule that releases energy?)
a. The principal molecule that stores energy for organisms is
known as ATP. When a phosphate group is removed from
ATP to form ADP, energy is released.
5. Which is more stable, ADP or ATP?
a. ADP is more stable than ATP; this is why ATP releases energy
then a phosphate group is removed- ATP becomes more stable
hen it turns into ADP.
6. What are some examples of cellular processes that are fueled by ATP?
a. Some examples of cellular processes that are fueled by ATP are
cellular movement, respiration, movement of molecules across cell
membranes (active transport), the synthesis of large molecules,
and muscle contractions.
7. Where do autotrophs get phosphates from? Where do heterotrophs get
phosphates from?
a. Autotrophs get phosphates from the soil and heterotrophs
get phosphates from consuming autotrophs.
8. Does the Na+K+ pump use active or passive transport? How is ATP involved in
the Sodium-Potassium pump?
a. The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport. In the
pump, 3 sodium ions bond to a protein channel in the cell
membrane. ATP attaches to a site on the protein, providing
the energy necessary to pump out the sodium. Once the
sodium has been released from the cell, the protein molecule
has a high affinity for potassium ions which enter the
channel. Once attached to the protein molecule, the
potassium ions are released into the cell, and the phosphate
group detaches from the molecule. The cycle can now start
again.
9. Why are sodium-potassium pumps important?
a. Sodium-potassium pumps are important because they affect
excitability in muscle and nerve cells, regulate the
movement of water, glucose, amino acids and other proteins
into the cell, and malfunction of the pump has been linked
to hypertension and heart disease.
10. Compare and contrast leaves of plants that live in the shade with those that live in
the sun.
a. Leaves of plants that live in the shade are often thinner with
more surface area and contain more chlorophyll than leaves
found in the sun.
11. Label the structure below with the following terms:
a. Epidermis
b. Palisade Mesophyll
c. Stoma
d. Waxy Cuticle
e. Air spaces
f. Spongy Mesophyll
g. Guard Cell
h. Vascular Tissue (xylem and phloem)
Section 23-4
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.
5.
6.
7.
1. D waxy cuticle
2. A epidermis
3. B palisade mesophyll
4. H vascular tissue
5. E air spaces
6. Stoma
7. Guard cells
12. _D.__waxy cuticleProvides a waterproof layer, and protects the leaf from excessive
water loss.
13. _A.__epidermis Produces the cuticle, protects the leaf and has no chloroplasts.
14. _B.__ F.__mesophyll The two layers that contain chloroplasts.
15. _E.__ air spaces or poresThe spaces in between the cells of the spongy mesophyll.
Provide for carbon dioxide storage.
16. _C.__ stoma (stomata) Location that allows the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide
and water. Usually found on the lower epidermis.
17. _G.__ guard cells Cells in charge of opening and closing the stomata.
18._H.__ vascular tissue (xylem & Phloem) Allows for the exchange of water, minerals
and nutrients in the plant.
19. _B.__, _F.__, _G.__ mesophyll & guard cells Contain chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis:
20. What is the goal of photosynthesis?
a. The goal of photosynthesis is to provide food for the
autotroph.
Respiration—the purpose is to break down food molecules for the release of energy (to
power cellular processes essential to life).
21. What color(s) of light are best to use for photosynthesis? Why?
a. Red, Blue and violet light are the best colors to use for
photosynthesis, because chlorophyll a and b are best able to
capture light in these wavelengths to use for photosynthesis.
22. What are the 2 main parts of photosynthesis? What are the products of each part?
a. The 2 main parts of photosynthesis are the light cycle and
the dark cycle (or Calvin Cycle). In the light cycle of
photosynthesis, high energy electrons are captured, and the
products are NADPH, ATP and oxygen. In the Calvin
cycle, NADPH and ATP from the light cycle are combined
with CO2 and the product is glucose.
23. Why is the Calvin Cycle referred to as the Dark Cycle of photosynthesis?
a. The Calvin Cycle is referred to as the Dark Cycle because
light is not needed in order for it to occur.
24. What happens in the thylakoid? Where is a thylakoid found? What happens in
the stroma? Where is a stroma found?
a. The light dependent part of photosynthesis takes place in
the thykaloid whereas the dark part of photosynthesis takes
place in the stroma. Both thylakoids and stroma are found
in the chloroplasts.
25. How is the electron transport chain involved in photosynthesis?
a. The electron transport chain is important in photosynthesis
because the high energy electrons captured during the light
portion of the cycle move along the electron transport chain
where they are turned into ATP and NADPH for use in
other parts of the cycle.
26. How are C4 and CAM photosynthesis different from C3 photosynthesis? What
types of plants use C4 and CAM photosynthesis? Why don’t these plants use C3
photosynthesis?
a. C4 and CAM photosynthesis are different from C3
photosynthesis because plants that use C4 and CAM
photosynthesis must have specialized structures and
enzymes in order to be able to carry out this highly
specialized photosynthesis. Plants that use C4 and CAM
photosynthesis do so because it allows them to survive in
hostile conditions, such as conditions of extreme heat or low
water. Some examples of plants that use C4 or CAM
photosynthesis are corn, cacti, pineapple and some orchids.
They don’t use C3 photosynthesis because if they did, they
would lose too much water and would die.
27. Label the following as exergonic or endergonic reactions:
a.
b.
c.
d.
ATP being converted to ADP ___Exergonic_____
ADP being converted to ATP____Endergonic_____
Respiration _____Exergonic____________
Calvin Cycle Endergonic
28. What are the 3 main processes of aerobic cellular respiration, and what happens in
each step?
b. The 3 main parts of aerobic cellular respiration are
glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle and the electron transport chain.
i. Glycolysis: Glucose is split into pyruvic acid.
ii. The Krebs cycle: Pyruvic acid is combined with
oxygen to produce energy carriers such as NADH,
FADH2, and the waste product CO2.
iii. The electron transport chain takes the electron
carriers from the Krebs cycle and produces ATP
molecules.
29. What happens if there is no oxygen available during cellular respiration in muscle
cells?
c. If there is no oxygen available during cellular respiration,
cells can still make limited amounts of ATP by going from
glycolysis directly to lactic acid fermentation where lactic
acid and ATP are the products.
30. What happens during anaerobic cellular respiration yeast?
d. Aneorobic cellular respiration in yeasts results in ATP and
waste products of alcohol and CO2.
31. What are some factors that affect yeast respiration, and how do they affect yeast
respiration?
e. Some factors that affect yeast respiration are temperature
(approximately 80F is optimal), food (yeast likes
carbohydrates such as glucose or sucrose), acid and salt
(both of which reduce the amount of respiration in yeast.)
32. In what cell organelle(s) does respiration take place?
f. In eukaryotes, cellular respiration takes place in the
mitochondria, while in prokaryotes, cellular respiration
takes place in the cell membrane.
33. Describe the process of chromatography. What process does it use, why do
different pigments separate out, how can you tell the difference in pigments, and what
colors do the main pigments appear?
g. Chromotography is a process by which a substance is
placed on a piece of filter or chromatography paper, then a
solvent is allowed to travel up the paper through the process
of capillary action. Because heavier pigments are not as
easy to transport as lighter ones, the heavier pigments
deposit themselves lower on the paper than the lighter ones
do. Since each pigment reflects a distinctive color of light,
we can tell the difference in the pigments. Chlorophyll a
appears blue green, while chlorophyll b appears yellow
green, xanthophyll appears light yellow and carotene
appears bright yellow.
34. What is a “calorie” and how does it differ from a “Calorie”? When food is
burned, how is the energy released? When food is “burned” in your cells, what is the
energy converted into?
h. A “calorie” is the amount of energy it takes to raise the
temperature of 1g of water 1C. A “Calorie” is equal to
1000 calories. When the food in our body is “burned”
(when glucose is exposed to oxygen during cellular
respiration), the result is energy in the form of ATP
molecules which can carry out cellular functions. When
food such as a nut is burned, the energy appears as heat and
light.