Download Microscope Anatomy

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2.1 – Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Cell Specialization
cell specialization = when ………………………….. develop from similar cells into
ones that have ………………………………
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occurs in …………………………. organisms
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cell differentiation is the ………………………………………… in a young
organism when …………………………………………………….
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…………………. produce the ……………………… that cause cells to
……………………………………….. into a bone cell, nerve cell, muscle cell, etc.
o all cells contain the ………………………..
o certain genes “………………………” in one cell type, but not in others
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new cells come from pre-existing cells by …………………… (& cytokinesis), but they are ………… necessarily
going to …………………………………………………….
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in all multicellular plants & animals:
o groups of specialized cells form ……………………
o groups of tissues form ………………….
o groups of organs form ………………….
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in plants, unspecialized cells are called …………………………………………..
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in animals, unspecialized cells are called …………………………
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meristematic cells are sometimes called ‘………………………..……………..’, because unlike many animal stem
cells, they can produce cells that will become new tissues & organs ……………………………… in a plant’s life
o in humans, true undifferentiated stem cells exist only as a …………………
o for all mammals, organs like the spinal cord and heart form as a fetus & cannot be regenerated
Meristematic Cells form Tissues
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meristematic cells are ……………………………………………………
o these new cells become ………………………… to form …………………….
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3 types:
1. ………………………………
2. ………………………………
3. ……………………………..
Types of Plant Tissues
1. Dermal tissue  …………………………….
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made of ……………………………..
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epidermal cells act as a barrier by:
o ………………………… the more delicate ………………………………….
o …………………………the exchange of …………………………..
2. Ground tissue  ……………………………….
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made of ………………………………….. cells & ………………………. cells
3. Vascular tissue  ………………………………….
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made of …………………… cells & ……………………. cells
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phloem cells ……………………………….. like water & sugar throughout the plant
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xylem cells provide …………………………………………
Replacing Specialized Cells
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cells, tissues, and organs of multicellular animals like humans form as embryos …………………………..
o while ……………… of the cells can be replaced, organs have to last …………………
o mammals ……………….………………………………….
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unlike many animals, plants ……………………………….. cells, tissues and organs all throughout their lives
o they can produce ……………………….. which will become organs like leaves, roots, & stems
bud = ……………………… of meristematic cells that often specialize to form
………………………………………..
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most of a plant’s growth takes place at the ……………………………………
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terminal bud produces the plant …………………………………. which ‘holds
back’ growth in other places
Plant Organs
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4 organs:
1. ………………………………
2. ………………………………
3. ………………………………
4. ………………………………
The Leaf
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its most important job is to provide a ……………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………
i. Upper surface
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made of a layer of …………………………. called the epidermis
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epidermal cells ……………………………………………….. (top layer) that:
o helps ………………. water evaporation off of leaf
o protects the leaf so it can perform its primary function, ……………………………
o sunlight ……………………………….. epidermal cells to photosynthesizing cells
ii. Middle surface
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made of ……………………. tissue, which is composed of 2 types of cells:
o palisade cells, which are specialized to perform most of the
…………………………………… in the leaf
o spongy parenchyma cells, which form a loose network of open spaces (like a sponge), where
………………….. for photosynthesis can be contained (……………………………)
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xylem and phloem cells are arranged ……………………… that form ………………. to help the palisade cells
conduct ………………………………………………….
o xylem delivers …………………. for photosynthesis
o phloem picks up ………………… that have been produced in the palisade cells to transport to the rest of
the plant (in the form of sap)
iii. Lower surface (underside)
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also made of a layer of ……..…………………………….., but the cells are different
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guard cells allow …………………. to move in & out of the leaf
o these cells have ……………………………..called stomata
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stomata are connected to the ……………………………. in the mesophyll
o transpiration happens through these pores
o …………………………………………………………………..
Chloroplasts: The Leaf’s Key Organelle
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located in palisade cells in the ………………………..
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where ………………………………………………….
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palisade cells contain thylakoids
o thylakoids = sacs that contain chlorophyll to trap light
o when thylakoids …………………………., they are called granum (plural are ……………….)
The Stem
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has 2 main jobs:
o …………………….
o ………………………………. of water, nutrients and sugars
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xylem & phloem tissues are found here
o both are made of ……………………………………………
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most of a plant’s xylem tissue is found in the stem
o when xylem cells die, they provide long, fibrous ‘…………………’ that allow water to be transported easily
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phloem’s cell walls are …………………. to allow materials to move easily between phloem & neighbouring cells
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xylem & phloem are grouped together in ……………………………….
The Root
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also has 2 main jobs:
o ……………………………………. to the ground
o allow for water and minerals to be ………………………………………………
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in some plants, the roots act like ……………………………………………………………………
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special cells in the roots called cortex cells serve to ………………………………… (long chains of glucose)
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endodermis tissue controls water and mineral flow to ……………………………………..
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pericycle tissue surrounds the xylem and phloem
o it allows roots to …………………………….
Types of Roots
1. Taproot
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one main root that grows ……………………………………. than the rest
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allows plant to reach …………………………………. for water
o ex: dandelion, thistle
2. Fibrous root
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…………………………….. roots
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allows plant to absorb water from ………………………………… of the soil
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help prevent ……………………
o ex: grass, yarrow