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Name: ________________________
Period: ____
I. Introduction
Honors Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 11 Objectives: Nervous System II
Divisions of the Nervous System
A. The central nervous system consists of __________________________________________________.
B. The ________________ is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system.
C. The brain includes ___________________________________________________________________.
D. The brainstem connects ______________________________________________________ and allows
__________________________________________________________________________________.
E. The spinal cord provides ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
F. The brain lies within __________________________________________ and the spinal cord occupies
_________________________________________________.
G. Meninges are located _______________________________________________________ and protect
_________________________________________________.
II. Meninges
A. The meninges have ____________________ layers.
B. The outermost layer is the _____________________________ and is composed of ______________
____________________________________________________________.
C. The epidural space is ____________________________________________________ and contains
____________________________.
D. The arachnoid mater is _______________________________ that lacks _______________________
and is located _________________________________________________.
E. The subarachnoid space is _____________________________________________________ and
contains a fluid called ______________________________________.
F. The pia mater is ___________________ can contains ____________________________________.
G. The pia matter is attached to ________________________________________________________.
III. Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
A. Introduction
1. Ventricles are ______________________________ and are located ____________________
____________________________________.
2. The ventricles are continuous with _______________________________________________
and are filled with _________________________.
3. The largest ventricles are ______________________________ which are located _________
__________________________________________.
4. The third ventricle is located ____________________________________________________.
5. The fourth ventricle is located ___________________________________________________.
6. The choroids plexus is ____________________________________________ and functions to
_____________________________________________.
7. Most of the cerebrospinal fluid arises in ________________________________________ and
circulates into ________________________________________________________________.
8. Cerebrospinal fluid is continuously absorbed into _______________________.
9. Cerebrospinal fluid is different from blood in that contains a ___________________________
of sodium and a ____________________________ of _______________________________.
10. The functions of cerebrospinal fluid are ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
11. Because cerebrospinal fluid completely surrounds ___________________________________,
it protects them by ___________________________________________________________.
IV. Spinal Cord
A. Introduction
1. The spinal cord is continuous with _____________________ and extends downward through
________________________.
2. The spinal cord begins at the level of the _____________________________________ and
terminates near _____________________________________________________________.
B. Structure of the Spinal Cord
1. The spinal cord consists of _______ segments, each of which gives rise to ______________
____________________________.
2. The two enlargements of the spinal cord are _____________________________________.
3. The cervical enlargement supplies ______________________________________________.
4. The lumbar enlargement supplies ______________________________________________.
5. The conus medullaris is ______________________________________________________.
6. The filum terminale is ________________________________________________________.
7. The cauda equina is _________________________________________________________.
8. Two grooves that extend the length of the spinal cord are ___________________________
_______________________________________________.
9. In a cross section of the spinal cord, ____________ surrounds _________________ matter.
10. Each side of the gray matter is divided into the following three horns: _________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
11. Motor neurons are located in the _______________________________________________.
12. The gray commissure is ______________________________________________________.
13. The central canal is __________________________________________________________.
14. Three regions of the white matter are ___________________________________________
____________________________________________.
15. Nerve tracts are ____________________________________________________________.
C. Functions of the Spinal Cord
1. Reflex Arcs
a. Reflex arcs carry out ______________________.
b. A reflex arc begins with ___________________ at the end of __________________
___________________________.
c. Nerve impulses on these sensory neurons enter the _____________ and constitute a
____________________ or _________________ limb of the reflex.
d. The CNS is a ________________________________________.
e. Afferent neurons or interneurons ultimately connect with _____________________,
whose fibers pass outward from the CNS to _______________________.
2. Reflex Behavior
a. Reflexes are _________________________________________________________.
b. Reflexes function to ___________________________________________________.
c. The knee-jerk reflex is an example of ______________________________________
because it only uses _____________________________________________.
d. The knee-jerk reflex is initiated by ________________________________________.
e. When the tendon is struck, the ________________________________ is pulled.
f. When the muscle is pulled, ____________________________ are stimulated.
g. The receptors generate a nervous impulse that enters the spinal cord on an axon;
the axon synapses with ________________________________________.
h. The axon of the motor neuron synapses with ______________________________
and the muscle responds by _________________________.
i. The knee-jerk reflex helps maintain _______________________.
j. The withdrawal reflex occurs when _______________________________________.
k. In the withdrawal reflex, muscles on the affected side contract and the flexor
muscles on the unaffected side _____________________________.
l. The extensor muscles on the unaffected side ____________________, helping to
support ________________________________________________.
m. A crossed extensor reflex is due to _______________________________________
that allow sensory impulses arriving on one side of the cord to _________________
____________________________________________________________________.
n. A withdrawal reflex protects because ______________________________________
when _______________________________________________________________.
3. Ascending and Descending Tracts
a. Ascending tracts conduct _______________________________________________.
b. Descending tracts conduct ______________________________________________.
c. The names that identify nerve tracts often reflect ____________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
V. Brain
A. Introduction
1. The brain contains nerve centers associated with _____________________________ and is
responsible for _________________________________________.
2. The other functions of the brain include _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
B. Brain Development
1. The brain begins as a ____________________________________.
2. The portion of the nueral tube that becomes the brain has the following three major
cavitites: __________________________________________________________________.
3. The wall of the anterior portion of the forebrain gives rise to _________________________
_________________________.
4. The posterior portion of the forebrain gives rise to _________________________________.
5. The midbrain is called ________________________ in the adult and the hindbrain gives
rise to ____________________________________________________________________.
C. Structure of the Cerebrum
1. The _________________ is the largest part of the adult brain.
2. The cerebrum consists of two ___________________________.
3. The corpus callosum is _______________________________________________________.
4. Convolutions are _______________.
5. Sulci are ______________________________.
6. A fissure is _____________________________.
7. The longitundinal fissure separates _____________________________________________.
8. The transverse fissure separates _______________________________________________.
9. The 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
10. The most anterior lobe is the ___________________.
11. The frontal lobe is bordered posteriorly by _________________________________ and
inferiorly by ________________________________________________.
12. The _________________ lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus.
13. The __________________ lobe lies inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes and is
separated from them by _________________________________________.
14. The most posterior lobe is _______________________________.
15. The tentorium cerebelli is _____________________________________________________.
16. The insula is located _________________________________________________________.
17. The cerebral cortex is ___________________________________________________ and
contains nearly _____________ of all the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system.
18. Just beneath the cerebral cortex is ____________________________.
D. Functions of the Cerebrum
1. Functional Regions of the Cortex
a. The cerebral cortex is divided into the following three major sections: ____________
____________________________________________________________________.
2. Sensory Areas
a. Sensory areas interpret ________________________________________________.
b. Sensations of the skin are interpreted in ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
c. Visual sensations are interpreted in _______________________________________.
d. Auditory sensations are interpreted in _____________________________________.
e. Taste sensations are interpreted in _______________________________________.
f. Like motor fibers, sensory fibers ______________________________.
3. Association Areas
a. Association areas are __________________________________________________.
b. Association areas analyze and interpret ____________________________________
and help provide ______________________________________________________.
c. The association areas of the frontal lobe provide ____________________________.
d. The prefrontal areas control _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
e. The parietal lobes have association areas that ______________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
f. The association areas of the temporal lobes interpret _________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
g. The association areas of the occipital lobes are important for ___________________
____________________________________________________________________.
h. The general interpretive area is located _________________________________ and
functions to __________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
4. Motor Areas
a. The primary motor areas are located ______________________________________.
b. Impulses transmitted from the primary motor are responsible for ________________
______________________________________.
c. Broca’s area is located __________________________________________________
and is responsible for __________________________________________________.
d. Broca’s area is usually found in the ___________________ hemisphere.
e. The frontal eye field is located ______________________________ and is
responsible for _______________________________________________________.
5. Hemisphere Dominance
a. In most people the ________________________________ is dominant.
b. The dominant hemisphere controls _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
c. The nondominant hemisphere controls _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
d. Nerve fibers of the ____________________________________ enable the dominant
hemisphere to ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
6. Memory
a. Memory is ____________________________________________________.
b. Two types of memory are _________________________________________.
c. Short-term memories are _____________________________ in nature.
d. When the electrical impulse of a short-term memory ceases, the memory _________
____________________.
e. Long-term memory changes ____________________________________________
in ways that ___________________________________________.
f. Memory consolidation is ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
E. Basal Nuclei
1. The basal nuclei are ________________________________________________________.
2. The basal nuclei relay ______________________________________________________.
3. The basal nuclei produce most of the ________________________ in the nervous system.
4. Impulses from the basal nuclei function to ______________________________________.
F. Diencephalon
1. The diencephalon is located _________________________________________________.
2. The various parts of the diencephalons are _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
3. The thalamus is a selective gateway for __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
4. The thalamus receives most sensory impulses and channels them to ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
5. The hypothalamus regulates ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
6. The limbic system consists of __________________________________________________
______________ and controls _________________________________________________.
G. Brain Stem
1. Introduction
a. The brain stem connects _______________________________________________.
b. The brain stem consists of ______________________________________________.
2. Midbrain
a. The midbrain is between _______________________________________________.
b. Corpora quadrigemina are ______________________________________________.
c. The superior colliculi contain centers for ___________________________________.
d. The inferior colliculi contain centers for ____________________________________.
e. The red nucleus is important for _________________________________________.
3. Pons
a. The pons is located ____________________________________________________.
b. The dorsal portion of the pons largely consists of fibers that relay impulses to and
from ________________________________________________________________.
c. The ventral portion consists of fibers that relay impulses from __________________
__________________________________________.
d. Several nuclei of the pons relay sensory information to _______________________.
e. The pons also regulates ________________________________________________.
4. Medulla Oblongata
a. The medulla oblongata is located _________________________________________.
b. The visceral activities controlled by the medulla oblongata are __________________
____________________________________________________________________.
c. Reflexes regulated by the medulla oblongata are _____________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
5. Reticular Formation
a. The reticular formation is ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
b. The reticular formation activates the ___________________________ into a state of
____________________________.
c. __________________________________ of the reticular formation results in sleep.
d. The reticular formation also filters ________________________________________.
6. Types of Sleep
a. The two types of sleep are ______________________________________________.
b. Slow-wave sleep occurs when ____________________________________________
and it reflects ________________________________________________________.
c. Slow-wave sleep is accompanied by reduced _______________________________.
d. REM sleep is __________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
H. Cerebellum
1. The cerebellum is located _____________________________________________________.
2. The vermis is _______________________________________________________________.
3. The cerebellar cortex is ______________________________________________________.
4. The arbor vitae is ___________________________________________________________.
5. Cerebellar peduncles are ______________________________________.
6. Inferior peduncles bring _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
7. The middle peduncles transmit impulses from _____________________________________
____________________________ to the _________________________________.
8. The superior peduncles send ________________________________ to the ____________.
9. Overall, the cerebellum functions to _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
VI.
Peripheral Nervous System
A. Introduction
1. The peripheral nervous system consists of ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
2. The somatic nervous system consists of __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
3. The autonomic nervous system consists of ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
B. Structure of Peripheral Nerves
1. A peripheral nerve consists of _________________________________________________.
2. Epineurium is ______________________________________________________________.
3. Perineurium is ______________________________________________________________.
4. Endoneurium is _____________________________________________________________.
C. Nerve Fiber Classification
1. Sensory nerves are __________________________________________________________.
2. Sensory nerves conduct impulses from ___________________________ to ____________.
3. Motor nerves are ____________________________________________________________.
4. Motor nerves conduct impulses from _____________________ to ____________________.
5. Mixed nerves are ____________________________________________________________.
6. Cranial nerves are ___________________________________________________________.
7. Spinal nerves are ___________________________________________________________.
8. General somatic efferent fibers carry ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
9. General visceral efferent fibers carry ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
10. General somatic afferent fibers carry ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
11. General visceral afferent fibers carry _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
12. Special somatic efferent fibers carry _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
13. Special visceral afferent fibers carry _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
14. Special somatic afferent fibers carry _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
D. Cranial Nerves
1. Cranial nerves arise from _____________________________________________________.
2. Cranial nerves are designated by _______________________________________________.
3. The Olfactory nerve (I) functions to _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
4. The Optic nerve (II) functions to ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
5. The Oculomotor nerve (III) functions to __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
6. The Trochlear nerve (IV) functions to ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
7. The three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve (V) are _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
8. The ophthalmic division functions to _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
9. The maxillary division functions to ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
10. The mandibular division functions to _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
11. The Abducens nerve (VI) functions to ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
12. The Facial nerve (VII) functions to ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
13. The two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) are __________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
14. The vestibular branch functions to ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
15. The cochlear branch functions to _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
16. The Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) functions to _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
17. The Vagus nerve (X) functions to _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
18. The branches of the Accessory nerve (XI) are _____________________________________.
19. The cranial branch functions to _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
20. The spinal branch functions to _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
21. The Hypoglossal nerve (XII) functions to _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
E. Spinal Nerves
1. Introduction
a. There are __________ pairs of spinal nerves.
b. All spinal nerves are __________________ nerves and they provide _____________
____________________________________________________________________.
c. There are __________ pairs of cervical nerves.
d. There are __________ pairs of thoracic nerves.
e. There are __________ pairs of lumber nerves.
f.
There are __________ pairs of sacral nerves.
g. There is __________ pair of coccygeal nerves.
h. The adult spinal cord ends at the level ____________________________________.
i.
The cauda equina is ___________________________________________________.
j.
Each spinal nerve emerges from the cord by _______________________________.
k. The dorsal root ganglion contains ________________________________________.
l.
________________________________ extend through the dorsal root and into the
spinal cord.
m. A dermatome is ______________________________________________________.
n. The ventral root consists of _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
o. A ventral root and dorsal root unite to form _____________________________.
p. A plexus is ___________________________________________________________.
q. In a plexus, fibers of various _____________________________ are sorted and
____________________________________________________________________.
2. Cervical Plexuses
a. The cervical plexus is located ___________________________________________.
b. The cervical plexus is formed by ________________________________________.
c. Fibers from the cervical plexus supply ____________________________________.
d. The phrenic nerve conducts impulses to __________________________________.
3. Brachial Plexus
a. The brachial plexus is formed by ________________________________________.
b. These networks are located _____________________________________________.
c. The major branches emerging from the brachial plexus are __________________
___________________________________________________________________.
4. Lumbosacral Plexuses
a. The lumbosacral plexus is formed by ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
b. These networks of nerve fibers are associated with which body regions? __________
____________________________________________________________________.
c. The major branches emerging from the lumbosacral plexus are _________________
____________________________________________________________________.
d. The branches from the thoracic spinal nerves to not _________________________;
instead these branches become _________________________________ that supply
____________________________________________________________________.
VII. Autonomic Nervous System
A. Introduction
1. The autonomic nervous system controls __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
2. The autonomic nervous system functions without _____________________________ effort.
B. General Characteristics
1. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are _____________________________
____________________________________________________.
2. The sympathetic division prepares the body for ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
3. The parasympathetic division is most active during _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
VIII. Life Span Changes
A. Apoptosis is __________________________________ and first occurs ______________________.
B. By age ________________, the die-off of neurons accelerates.
C. Over an average lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ___________________.
D. With aging, the numbers of dendritic branches and amounts of neurotransmitters ______________.
E. Noticeable signs of a normally aging nervous system include _______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
F. Decline in function of the sympathetic nervous system may cause __________________________.
G. Changes in sleep patterns reflect _____________________________________________________.