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Ankle Joint
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The tibia and the fibula go
from the knee to the ankle.
In between is the
interosseous membrane
which provides muscle
attachments.
Ankle Joint
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Tibia is the larger bone and the true
weight bearing bone of the leg.
Medial and lateral malleoli
are at the distal end of the
tibia and fibula.
Ankle Joint
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Crest of the tibia is
the anterior and
prominent of the three
boarders. It is what
we think of as the
shin.
Ankle Joint
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Head of the fibula is the
large proximal end
close to the knee joint.
Tarsal Bones

Calcaneus- largest
and most posterior
tarsal bone. It is
also known as the
heel bone.
Ankle Joint

Calcaneal tuberosityprojection of poterior
side of the
calcaneous, where
the achilles tendon
attaches.
Tarsal Bones

Sustentaculum tali- medial superior
part projecting out from the
calcaneus, three tendons loop around
this projection. It helps them change
direction from posterior to plantar
foot.
Tarsal Bones

Talus- bone that
sits on top of the
calcaneus and
below the tibia and
fibula.
Tarsal Bones
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Navicular- medial
side of the talus and
proximal to the
cuniform bones.
Tarsal Bones

Cuboid and
Cuniforms-the
most distal
row of tarsal
bones in the
foot.
Foot bones
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Metatarsals are
numbered 1-5.
Normally first and
fifth are
weightbearing bones
and 2-4 are not.
First is the big toe,
fifth is the littlest
Foot Bones

Phalanges of the foot
have the same
position as the hand,
they are basically the
toes.
Joints of the Ankle/Foot
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Talocrural Joint-joint in
the ankle found between
the tibia, fibula, and
talus. Dorsi/plantar
flexion
Subtalar Joint-joint in
the ankle found between
the talus and calcaneus.
Joints of the foot and ankle

Inferior tibiofibular
joint is athe
syndesmosis joint.
This is not a synovial
joint, but one
covered by a fibrous
tissue that holds the
joint together.
Basic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle

Three Arches enable us to absorb forces
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Transverse Arch
Medial Longitudinal
Arch
Lateral Longitudinal
Arch
The Three Arches
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Transverse Arch
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Goes across the width
of the foot
Comprised of the
cuneiforms (all three),
the cuboid, and the
base of the fifth
metatarsal.
The Three Arches

Medial longitudinal arch- the highest and
most important arch in the foot.
• Goes the length of the foot on the medial
•
side.
Comprised of the calcaneus, talus, navicular,
cuneiforms and the first three metatarsals.
The Three Arches

Lateral longitudinal arch- the arch next to
the medial one that is flatter and lower.
• Goes the length of the foot on the lateral side.
• Comprised of the calcaneus, talus, cuboid,
and the forth and fifth metatarsals.
Ligaments

Medial Side
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Deltoid Ligamentsupport ligament
on medial side of
foot.
Spring LigamentAKA the Plantar
Calcaneonavicular
ligament.
Ankle Injuries

The most common
direction to sprain
the ankle is into
inversion with the
injury to the lateral
ligament,
specifically the ATF.
Ligaments
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Lateral Side
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ATF-Anterior Talofibular
Ligament
CF-Calcaneofibular
Ligament
PTF-Posterior Talofibular
Ligament
Compartments of the leg
There are four
compartments of the lower
leg. If there is inflammation
in one it will prevent muscles
and nerves from working in that area.
Discuss the different
Motions and results. DF
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Muscles of deep lower leg
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Extensor Hallucis Longusfibula and interosseous
membrane is the the origin
and distal phalanx of great
toe is the insertion. Great toe
extension is the motion it
does.
Muscles of the superficial lower
leg
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Extensor Digitorum
Longus- origin is anterior
tibia and lateral condyle
of tibia, insertion is distal
phalanx of the 2-5 digit.
It extends toes and
dorsiflexes foot.
Muscles of the Ankle
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Peroneus Longus- part of the stirrup of
the foot with the tibialis anterior. Starts
at lateral fibula, runs behind the lateral
maleolli and under the foot to insert onto
the plantar surface of the first metatarsal
and first cuniform.
Muscles of the Ankle
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Anterior Tibialis- part of the stirrup of the
foot with the peroneus longus. Origin is
on the lateral tibia and interosseus
membrane and inserts on the 1st
cuniform and 1st metatarsal. Very
palpatable muscle on anterior lateral
foot. Inversion and dorsiflexion are the
main motions.
Muscles of the Ankle
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Anterior Tibialis- lateral side of
tibia and interosseous
membrane, crosses to medial
cuneiform and first metatarsal.
Makes up anterior lateral leg,
dorsiflex and inverts foot.
Anterior Tibialis
Muscles of the Ankle
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Posterior Tibialis- This muscles has two
origins the interosseous membranes and
adjacent tib/fib. Insertion is navicular
and tarsals/metat. of palmar side of foot.
It’s main motion is inversion, it assists
with plantarflexion.
Muscles of the Ankle
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Gastrocnemiums- femur to the
calcaneus(crosses two joints), the
gastroc is the most superficial of the calf
muscles.
Actions?
Muscles of the Ankle
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Soleus- deep calf muscles
that runs from posterior
tib/fib to calcaneus. Its
action is plantarflexion and
can be isolated when the
knee is in flexion.
Actions with the ankle
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Concentric vs. Eccentric
• If you go up stairs, which muscles are
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concentric with the foot pushing off?
If you descend a stair which muscles are
contracting eccentrically?
Actions with the ankle
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Closed vs. Open chain
• What is an example of a closed chain
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exercise for the ankle?
What is an example of an open chain exercise
for the ankle?