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Nouns DEFINITION: names a person, place, thing, or idea Type Definition names only one person, place thing Examples Dog, cat, car SINGULAR or idea names more than one person, PLURAL place thing or idea COMMON NOUNS PROPER NOUNS not specific; not capitalized IS specific; IS capitalized CONCRETE can be perceived by the five senses NOUNS (taste, touch, smell, see, hear) ABSTRACT NOUNS CANNOT be perceived by the five senses COLLECTIVE singular noun that names a group of NOUNS people/things COMPOUND composed of more than one word NOUN OF DIRECT ADDRESS person's name used in a command or request 1 dogs, cats, cars children, men, deer (do not end in “s”) man, city, chair, teenager Mrs. Smith, Pittsburgh Steelers, Harrisburg desk, cotton, wind, smoke love, happiness, inch, hour, math team, jury, choir, band, family peanut butter, sister-in-law, flashlight Mrs. Reinert, could you help me with this problem? Bob, where did you buy that shirt? Noun Practice! In the following passage, identify each underlined noun as singular, plural, common, proper, concrete, abstract, collective, compound, and/or direct address. NOTE: Each noun will fall under more than one category! At the little living-room desk Tom Benecke (1) rolled two sheets of flimsy and a heavier top sheet (2), carbon paper sandwiched between them, into his portable. Interoffice Memo, the top sheet was headed, and he typed tomorrow’s date (3) just below this; then he glanced at a creased yellow sheet, covered with his own handwriting (4), beside the typewriter. “Hot in here,” he muttered to himself. Then, from the short hallway (5) at his back, he heard the muffled clang (6) of wire coat hangers in the bedroom closet, and at this reminder (7) of what his wife was doing, he thought: Hot, no—guilty conscience(8). He got up, shoving his hands (9) into the back pockets of his gray wash slacks (10), stepped to the living-room window beside the desk, and stood breathing on the glass, watching the expanding circlet of mist, staring down through the autumn night (11) at Lexington Avenue (12), eleven stories below. He was a tall, lean, dark-haired young man in a pullover sweater, who looked as though he had played not football (13), probably, but basketball in college (14). Now he placed the heels of his hands against the top edge of the lower window frame (15) and shoved upward. But as usual the window didn’t budge, and he had to lower his hands and then shoot them hard upward to jolt the window open a few inches (16). He dusted his hands, muttering. But still he didn’t begin his work (17). He crossed the room to the hallway entrance and, leaning against the doorjamb (18), hands shoved into his back pockets again, he called, “Clare?” (19) When his wife (20) answered, he said, “Sure you don’t mind going alone?” from “Contents of the Dead Man’s Pockets” by Jack Finney (1) Singular, proper, concrete (11) singular, common, concrete (2) Singular, common, concrete (12) singular, proper, concrete (3) Singular, common, abstract (13) singular, common, concrete, (4) Singular, common, concrete, compound compound (14) singular, common, concrete (15) singular, common, concrete, compound (5) Singular, common, concrete, (16) plural, common, abstract compound (6) Singular, common, concrete (17) singular, common, abstract (7) (18) singular, common, concrete, compound Singular, common, abstract (19) singular, proper, concrete, direct (8) Singular, common, abstract address (9) plural, common, concrete (20) singular, common, concrete (10) singular, common, concrete 2 Pronouns DEFINITION: takes the place of a noun ANTECEDENT: the noun that the pronoun is replacing PERSONAL: represent specific people or places Subject Object Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Possessive I you he she it me you him her it my your his her its mine yours his hers its we you they us you them our your their ours yours theirs o Example: We think our way is the best for us. DEMONSTRATIVE: points out specific people, places or objects. o this, that, these, those o Example: Are those John’s glasses? That is not a pretty sight! INTERROGATIVE: used to ask questions; begin with “wh” o which, what, who, whom, whose o Example: What is known about the case? Who is coming to the party? 3 INTENSIVE: adds emphasis; comes after a personal pronoun or a noun; ends in -self or –selves. o myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves o Example: I myself won the contest. She herself paid for her college tuition. REFLEXIVE: action reflects back onto the subject; also ends in -self or –selves. o myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves o Example: Will bought himself a new book. The guests served themselves at the buffet. RELATIVE: first word of a clause that adds additional information to an antecedent o that, which, who, whose, whom o Example: We read a book that was great. The students who studied passed the test. INDEFINITE: refers to unnamed people/things. all another any anybody anyone anything both each either * every everybody everyone everything few less little many more most much neither no one nobody none nothing one other several some somebody someone something such * when used with “or,” either is a conjunction. Ex: Either of them could win. (pronoun) Either she or I will go to the game. (conjunction) o Example: Several have qualified for the team. Someone called me last night. 4 Pronoun Practice! EXERCISE 1: Circle the antecedent of the underlined word. 1. Courtney carried her umbrella to school. EXERCISE 3: Circle each personal or reflexive pronoun, circle P for personal or R for reflexive, then draw an arrow to its antecedent. 2. Jared said, “I like mashed potatoes best.” 1. The Harrisons bought themselves a new digital camera. P R 3. Tom asked Sam to go to the dance with him. 2. “Tell me what you heard,” Lindsey said to Courtney. P R 4. Jessica and Lindsey said they were going to the movies. 3. Angelica gives herself a manicure every week. P R 5. Courtney told Angelica that she was having a party. 4. The cat tossed its toy mouse into the air and caught it. P R 5. The students wrote their reports and turned them in. P R EXERCISE 2: Circle all of the indefinite pronouns in each EXERCISE 4: Circle the demonstrative and interrogative pronouns in the following sentences, then circle D for demonstrative or I for interrogative. sentence. 1. The invitation was extended to everyone. 2. Both of you know everything that happened. 3. No one saw anyone from the other school at the dance. 4. Each of the witnesses knew something about the accident. 5. Some arrived early, but many came late. 1. What is the starting time of the game? D I 2. If that is true, who will help us? D I 3. Chris can’t decide between these or those. D I 4. Whom did Andrew meet at the dance? D I 5. That is my sweater. D I EXERCISE 5: Circle the pronoun(s) in each sentence. In the space provided, write personal (P), reflexive (Ref), intensive (Inten), demonstrative (D), relative (Rel), interrogative (Inter), or indefinite (Indef) to indicate the type of each pronoun. 1. Harry himself knew everyone who either had a ticket or could get one for him at a low price. himself – intensive/everyone – indefinite/who – relative/one – indefinite/him – personal 2. Nobody has bought more than one of the records on sale at the discount store. nobody – indefinite/more – indefinite/one – indefinite 3. Someone once said that humorists are people who laugh at one or more of the world’s foibles. someone – indefinite/that – relative/who – relative/one – indefinite/more – indefinite 4. Some of the most famous contemporary humorists are women who write prose and poetry. some – indefinite/who – relative 5. Dorothy Parker, who was one of the few to have a book of verse on the best-seller list, frequently wrote about the subject of heartbreak. who – relative/ one – indefinite/ few – indefinite 5 Verbs DEFINITION: word(s) that show action, condition, or the fact that something exists VERB PHRASE: a main verb and one or more helping verbs Sometimes a verb phrase is interrupted by other words. Not and n’t are NEVER part of a verb phrase Kate has never entered a contest in her life. Will Tom meet us at the football game? I didn’t need a new pair of shoes. ACTION: An action verb is a verb that tells what action someone or something is performing, has performed or will perform. o Examples: Hank painted the toolshed. The horse waited patiently. TRANSITIVE ACTION: this kind of verb takes an object. o Robert polished his saddle. o Polished what? (his saddle) INTRANSITIVE ACTION: this kind of verb does NOT take an object. o Linda waited for the train. o Waited what? (no answer) 6 LINKING: A linking verb is a verb that connects a word or words at or near the beginning of a sentence with a word or words at or near the end of a sentence. o Jessica was president of the junior class last year. o The sick child is feverish and miserable. The most common linking verb: forms of BE. (These forms of be are also called auxiliary verbs or helping verbs.) The Forms of BE am am being can be have been is are being could be has been are is being may be had been was was being might be could have been were were being must be may have been shall be might have been should be must have been will be shall have been would be should have been will have been would have been NOTE: The forms of BE do not always function as linking verbs. Instead, they express existence, usually by showing where something is located. The following example show forms of be expressing existence. o Your shirt is in the closet. o There are several mistakes in that article. OTHER LINKING VERBS: appear become feel grow look remain seem smell 7 sound stay taste turn HOW DO I KNOW IF IT’S LINKING OR ACTION? o Substitute AM, ARE, or IS for the verb. If it’s LINKING, the sentence will still make sense. The breeze felt cool. The breeze IS cool. LINKING or ACTION? Henry felt the sand. Henry IS the sand. LINKING or ACTION? 8 Verb Practice! FINDING VERBS: Underline the verb/verb phrase in each sentence below. EXERCISE 1 EXERCISE 2 1. The United States issued the first patent in 1790. (These can be tricky!) 2. I started a savings account last month. 1. Did you join the track team this year? 3. Otters always entertain the visitors at Sea World. 2. Some parts of Brazil have never been explored. 4. The color on the television needs some adjustment. 3. The roses in our garden haven’t bloomed yet. 5. The lifeguard shouted a warning to the swimmers. 4. Would you like corn instead of peas? 6. The first photograph was taken in 1826. 5. Isn’t she wanted in the office? 7. The election results will be announced on Monday. 6. Valuable antiques can sometimes be found at flea 8. Dandelion leaves can be eaten raw like lettuce. markets. 9. Their sneakers are drying in the sun. 7. Have you eaten your lunch yet? 10. The invitation must have given the time. 8. I must have lost the keys to the house. 9. Platinum was first discovered in Colombia. 10. Cats were not tamed until about 5,000 years ago. ACTION OR LINKING VERB? Identify each underlined verb as an action (AV) or a linking verb (LV). 1. Archaeologists found pieces of skis in Norway and Sweden dating back four thousand years. 2. Skiing’s modern form started in the mid-nineteenth century. ___AV___ ___AV___ 3. Norwegian immigrants brought skiing to the United States in the 1850’s. ___AV___ 4. It became popular during the 1930’s after the first installation of a rope tow in Woodstock, Vermont. ___LV___ 5. The rope tow looks tricky, but it’s an easy way to get to the top of a slope. ___LV___ TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSITIVE VERB? Circle all of the verbs in the following sentences. Label each verb “T” for transitive and “I” for intransitive. 1. People used bobsleds in America as far back as 1839. ___T___ 2. The sleds carried wood from the forests during the winter. ___T___ 3. Bobsled racing began in Switzerland in the late nineteenth century. ___I___ 4. Racers bob back-and-forth, which increases the sled’s speed. ___T, I___ 5. The sport gets its name from this action. ___T___ 9 Adjectives DEFINITION: An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or pronoun or to give a noun or pronoun a more specific meaning. Adjectives answer the following questions: o WHAT KIND? The large hawk flew over the lake. The lost boy cried for his mother. o WHICH ONE(S)? The other door is the one that is unlocked. This is your last opportunity to turn in your homework. o HOW MANY? Both swans raced to eat the piece of bread. The teacher was frustrated with the frequent interruptions. o HOW MUCH? We had adequate space to build an addition onto our house. There was enough birdseed to last us through the winter. ARTICLES: o A comes before a word that begins with a consonant sound and is indefinite. o AN comes before a word that begins with a vowel sound; also indefinite. o THE can come before any word; is definite Some common adjective endings include the following: -ful careful, helpful, beautiful -al comical, hysterical -able, -ible adorable, edible, terrible -ent, -ant independent, redundant -ous, -ious courageous, curious, adventurous 10 POSITION OF ADJECTIVES: o Adjectives can modify different nouns or pronouns. Buy six tomatoes and a large chicken for dinner tonight. OR o Adjectives can modify the same nouns or pronouns. I just bought six large zucchinis from the framer’s market. An adjective can come before the noun/pronoun it modifies, after the noun/pronoun it modifies, or after a linking verb. o (Before a noun) Her soft voice couldn’t be heard. o (After a noun) The dog, cold and wet, whined. o (After a linking verb) Hilary looks quite cheerful. Types of Adjectives: o PROPER: Adjectives that are capitalized Vermont cheddar Shakespearean play o COMPOUND: Adjectives that are composed of more than one word Freeze-dried coffee Northwest breeze NOUN OR ADJECTIVE? The same word can be used as a noun in one sentence and as an adjective in another. o We saw many bugs scurrying across the forest floor. (Forest is used as an adjective; it describes floor) 11 o We hiked through the forest and crossed a stream. (Forest is used as a noun; it is not describing another word in this sentence) ADJECTIVE OR PRONOUN? o I bought this cake yesterday. (This is used as an adjective; it describes yesterday) o Did you see this? (This is used as a pronoun; it is not describing any other word in this sentence) 12 Adjective Practice! Finding Adjectives 1: Circle all of the adjectives in the following sentences. The number of adjectives in the sentence is provided in parentheses. 1. Nancy laughed at the silly joke. (1) 2. The hike up the mountain took three hours. (1) 3. Would you like to ride a powerful motorcycle? (1) 4. We had little time to shop for a pair of comfortable shoes. (2) 5. The spicy aroma of the chili welcomed the hungry guests. (2) 6. For many years men dressed with more color and greater style than women. (3) 7. During the 1600s, men wore lacy collars and fancy jackets with shiny buttons. (3) Finding Adjectives 2: Circle the proper adjectives, underline the compound adjectives, and draw an arrow to the word that each adjective modifies. 1. Francisco lives in a seafront cottage on a Hawaiian island. 2. The topic of the after-school discussion will be the American economy. 3. Japanese people enjoy fast-food restaurants. 4. The blue-eyed girl was from a Scandinavian country. 5. The Republican congressman spoke of widespread poverty. Adjective or Noun? Label each underlined word as a Noun (N) or an Adjective (A). If the word is an adjective, draw an arrow to the word the adjective is modifying or describing. 1. Have you seen the garden tools? ___A___ 2. The television series was canceled after two shows. ___A___ 3. We need two panes of glass to repair this window. ___N___ 4. Don’t touch the hot oven! ___N___ 5. I need to buy a picture frame for this snapshot. ___A___ Adjective or Pronoun? Label each underlined word as a Pronoun (P) or Adjective (A). If the word is an adjective, draw an arrow to the word the adjective is modifying or describing. 1. This is my coat on the chair. ___P___ 2. Which of the bridesmaids should come first? ___P___ 3. Both of you will make magazine racks. ___P___ 4. May I have some peace and quiet? ___A___ 5. These are the perfect curtains for my room. ___P___ 13 Adverbs DEFINITION: A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; usually answers the questions: How? How much? How often? When? Where? slowly, well extremely, somewhat frequently late, afterwards there, here MOST adverbs end in –ly, (but not ALWAYS!). NOT and N’T are ALWAYS adverbs. (I couldn’t find it.) COMMON ADVERBS: again almost alone already also always away even ever here just later never not now nowhere often perhaps quite rather seldom so sometimes somewhat somewhere soon then there today too very yet ADVERBS THAT MODIFY VERBS: o Lula won 1st place because she swims fast. (Fast describes the verb swims.) o In our journalism class, we are allowed to freely write. (FREELY describes the verb WRITE) o Walk quickly, please! (QUICKLY describes the verb WALK) 14 ADVERBS THAT MODIFY ADJECTIVES: o He was wearing a very handsome suit. (Very describes the adjective handsome.) o Hondas are extremely reliable cars. (EXTREMELY describes the adjective RELIABLE) o Wearing a dress that was too long caused me to trip. (TOO describes the adjective LONG) ADVERBS THAT MODIFY ADVERBS: o Jacob eats extremely slowly. (EXTREMELY describes the adverb SLOWLY) NOTE: Usually, if you have two adverbs that are side-by-side in a sentence, the first adverb will modify the second adverb, and the second adverb will modify the verb. o Courtney speaks somewhat quickly. (SOMEWHAT describes the adverb QUICKLY, and QUICKLY describes the verb SPEAKS) ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB? o Adverbs modify VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and ADVERBS; adjectives modify NOUNS and PRONOUNS Adverb: Winter arrived early. (Early modifies a VERB) Adjective: The early bird gets the worm. (Early modifies a NOUN) 15 Adverb: Gertie receives the magazine monthly. (Monthly is an ADVERB describing receives) Adjective: She pays on a monthly basis. (Monthly is an ADJECTIVE; it describes basis, a noun) o Adverb: flew slowly, decided hastily o Adjective: slow flight, hasty decision 16 Adverbs Practice! FINDING ADVERBS: Circle the adverbs in the sentences below. Draw an arrow to the word(s) each adverb modifies. 1. The old train slowly chugged forward. (2) 2. The huge watchdog growled fiercely and angrily. (2) 3. I haven’t seen that movie yet. (2) 4. He often makes decisions quickly. (2) 5. Julio will soon call his relatives in Mexico. (1) 6. Our cat seldom goes outside. (2) 7. The small plane landed smoothly and safely. (2) 8. Old houses are rapidly being remodeled. (1) 9. We already hung decorations everywhere. (2) 10. Claire has become a surprisingly good pianist. (1) ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB? Write whether the underlined word in each sentence is an ADJECTIVE (ADJ) or ADVERB (ADV). 1. My early appointment was canceled. ADJ 2. The music was too lively for me. ADV 3. Their large historical house is located high on the grassy knoll. 4. We carelessly locked the keys in the car. ADV 5. Our new microwave oven works well. ADV 6. Bears are definitely not friendly. ADJ 7. Car prices are very high right now. ADV 8. Don’t speak so loudly in the library. ADV 9. The snowstorm arrived early. ADV 10. You should feel well again in a day or two. ADV 17 ADV Prepositions DEFINITION: word(s) that show the relationship between a NOUN or a PRONOUN and another word in a SENTENCE MRS. REINERT’S DEFINITION: word(s) that provide ADDITIONAL INFORMATION o Tom missed the train (BY TWO MINUTES). o The birds flew (BETWEEN THE TWO WOODEN BEAMS). o (Without a moment’s hesitation), the cat leaped (through the window). o (According to the memo) (of the principal), classes will be cancelled. IMPORTANT NOTES: A PREPOSITION is always part of a group of words called a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES always begin with a PREPOSITION and end with a NOUN or a PRONOUN; this noun or pronoun is called the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION. A prepositional phrase can come ANYWHERE in the sentence; a sentence can have SEVERAL prepositional phrases. MOST of the time, the sentence can still stand after removing the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. 18 aboard about above across after against along amid among anti around as at before Commonly Used Prepositions behind except on below excepting onto beneath excluding opposite beside following outside besides for over between from past beyond in per but inside plus by into regarding concerning like round considering minus save despite near since down of than during off through to toward towards under underneath unlike until up upon versus via with within without Commonly Used Compound Prepositions According to In place of Ahead of In regard to Apart from In spite of As of In view of Aside from Instead of Because of Next to By means of On account of In addition to Out of In back of Owing to In front of Prior to 19 Prepositions Practice! In each of the following sentences, (1) underline the prepositional phrase(s); box the preposition(s); double underline the object of the preposition(s) 11. The last 20 minutes of the movie at Cinema One 1. Smiling is a good exercise for your face. were very funny. 2. At birth, the average newborn weighs about seven 12. None of the Pilgrims on the Mayflower had a middle pounds. name. 3. On account of George Washington, we celebrate a 13. The captain of the debate team met the principal. national holiday. 14. A tablespoon of butter contains 100 calories. 4. Fresh fruit provides a delicious snack without excess 15. The article about animals without a home was sad. calories. 16. Edgar Allan Poe is the father of the detective story. 5. In addition to liver, carrots, pumpkins, and eggs 17. The pot of soup on the stove should be removed. contain vitamin A. 18. The car in front of the building is illegally parked. 6. Colonial women made colorful quilts out of old 19. One of my brothers joined the tennis team at scraps of fabric. 7. school. Today, many women work toward careers. 20. Parrots usually have a vocabulary of only 20 words. 8. Why do people choose one vocation over another? 9. During adolescence, many important decisions are made. 10. The radio in the kitchen doesn’t work. 20 Conjunctions DEFINITION: a conjunction is a word used to CONNECT other words or groups of words. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: connect similar words or groups of words o FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO (acronym: FAN BOYS) o Example: John and Mary live in San Diego, but their parents live in San Francisco. “And” joins two nouns together (John and Mary); “but” joins two sentences together. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: these conjunctions work in PAIRS and in a SPECIFIC ORDER Both…and Not only…but also Either…or Whether…or Neither…nor o Example: He made neither the cake nor the cookies. o She wore BOTH gold AND silver bracelets to the party. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS: connect two complete IDEAS by making one of the IDEAS subordinate to, or less important than, the other. 21 Common Subordinating Conjunctions after because lest till although before now that unless as even if once until as if even though since when as long as how so that whenever as much as if than where as soon as inasmuch as that wherever as though in order that though while o Example: Although John and Mary live in San Diego, their parents live in San Francisco. o Because Carol practices, she is a good artist. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: an adverb that acts as a CONJUNCTION to connect complete ideas. Common Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly besides furthermore moreover then again consequently however nevertheless therefore also finally indeed otherwise thus 22 Conjunctions Practice! Identifying Conjunctions: Circle the conjunction(s) in each sentence below. 1. Stephanie raised her hand and answered the question. 2. The alarm didn’t go off, so I was late for school. 3. I will go with either Liz or her sister. 4. Nick not only played the piano but also sang. 5. The Bucks or the Hornets will win the tournament. Differentiating Conjunctions: Circle the conjunctions used in the following sentences. Then, identify each as coordinating (COOR), correlative (CORREL), or subordinating (SUB). 1. Paul Robeson became neither a lawyer nor an athlete after his academic career. COOREL 2. He did not become a lawyer because there were few opportunities for African Americans at law firms in 1923. SUB 3. He began his celebrated acting career while he was earning his law degree. 4. The Emperor Jones was both a critical and a commercial success. 5. Theater audiences hailed Robeson in the title role, yet they know little of his terrific singing talent. SUB COOREL COORD Using Conjunctive Adverbs: Correct each pair of sentences by inserting an appropriate conjunctive adverb to connect the related ideas. 1. Jackie Robinson was a spectacular all-around athlete during college. He is most famous for his baseball career. _____________________________________ 2. Robinson next became an officer in the army. He still harbored dreams of playing professional sports. _____________________________________ 3. Branch Rickey wanted to integrate major league baseball. He was interested in signing Jackie Robinson. _____________________________________ 4. Rickey wanted to sign Robinson because Robinson was a talented and fast player. He had courage and dignity. _____________________________________ 5. Robinson was an outstanding fielder and hitter. He was a superior runner and base stealer. _____________________________________ Writing Sentences with Correlative Conjunctions: Write one sentence for each of the directions below. 1. Use “both/and” with two collective nouns. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Use “either/or” with a noun and a pronoun. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Use “and” with two sentences. (Use a comma before “and”) __________________________________________________________________________________________ 23 Interjections DEFINITION: Words that express STRONG FEELING or EMOTION They usually come at the BEGINNING of a sentence. They are set apart from the rest of the sentence by a COMMA or an EXCLAMATION POINT. o Examples: Wow! That sounds great! Oh my goodness, I just locked myself out! Shoot! I forgot my English homework! Now you try: Yipee! I got a good score! Interjections Practice! Identifying Interjections: Circle the interjection in each sentence below 1. Oh! I cannot find my keys, and I don’t have a spare set. 2. Psst, is this the way to the stadium? 3. Hurray! We finally reached the playoffs. 4. Grandmother said, “Gracious, why is Uncle Burt always late?” 5. Alas, the princess rejected her suitor once again. 6. Grandpa whispered, “Tsk! You made a silly mistake.” 7. Whew! I am glad we reached the station on time. 8. “Ouch, that hurts,” I told my dentist. 9. My aunt said, “Goodness, that music is loud.” 10. “Hey, wait for me,” Vic said as he caught his breath. 24