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BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 EXAM REVIEW
WORTH 50 POINTS ON YOUR EXAM
BIOLOGY TEST #1 REVIEW
1) Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study
2) The principle of dominance states that
3) When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring
were tall because
4) The principles of probability can be used to
5) Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
6) A punnett square shows
7) What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing
each other’s inheritance?
8) Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are
called
9) A cross of a red cow (RR) with a white bull (WW) produces all roan offspring (RRWW). This type of
inheritance is known as
10) The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol
11) If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is
12) Gametes are produced by the process of
13) What is shown in Figure 11-3?
14) Meiosis in females results in ___ sex cell(s) and ___ egg(s).
15) Linked genes are found on the _____________________________ chromosome
16) Selective breeding produces
17) What is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect?
18) The crossing of buffalo and cattle to produce beefalo is an example of
19) What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?
20) Breeders induce mutations in organisms to
21) Which results in the doubling of the number of chromosomes in a plant and creates a new plant species?
BIOLOGY TEST #2 REVIEW
1) One function of gel electrophoresis is to
2) The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called
3) A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as
4) Scientists can cut DNA in certain spots with
5) When an organism has its DNA modified, by mixing it with another organism’s DNA it is called a(n)
6) During transformation, cell takes in DNA from where?
7) A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from
those that don’t is called a(an)
8) What has been an advantage of producing transgenic plants?
9) Describe cloning:
10) How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?
11) In humans, a male has what type of chromosomes?
12) Human females have _____ _____and they produce egg cells with ____.
13) What percentage of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome?
14) In a pedigree, a circle represents a(an)
15) Which of the following genotypes below result in the same phenotype of blood type B ?
16) Many sex-linked genes are located on which chromosome?
17) Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because
18) The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
19) The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that
20) The project that mapped all the genes in humans was called:
21) What is an example of possible gene therapies?
22) What will result in the change of only one amino acid in a polypeptide (protein)?
23) Down’s Syndrome which is an example of trisomy can be caused by
24) The trait in pedigree in Figure 14–5 has two alleles: P (dominant) and p (recessive). The black
symbols show the dominant phenotype, and the white symbols show the recessive phenotype. What is the
genotype of individual number 1?
25) What is the genotype of individual number 2?
26) What is the genotype of individual number 3?
27) What is the genotype of individual number 4?
BIOLOGY TEST #3 REVIEW
1. When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is what?
2. During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin made many observations where?
3. A structure or behavior that helps an individual survive in its environment is referred to as a(n)
4. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
5. When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of
Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation?
6. Which statement is NOT a key idea of natural selection?
a.
Individuals face little competition for survival.
b.
There are generally too many individuals born in a population for all to survive.
b.
The resources a population can access are finite (limited).
c.
There is diversity within a population.
7. Which is NOT correct?
a.
Evolution takes generations to occur.
b.
Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve.
c.
Darwin’s theory suggests that species change over time.
d.
Darwin believed that giraffe’s developed longer necks by stretching the necks longer
during their lives. The longer necks were then passed on to offspring
8. A gene _____________ is all of the genes in a population.
9. A change in a sequence of DNA is called a_________________________________________.
10.
As an ice age makes medium fur less advantageous for survival, the longer-haired tiger begin to survive
better. This creates a natural selection that favors one extreme of the population. This is called?
11. When individuals with an average (medium) form of a trait have the highest fitness, the result is
12. When a new member enters a population, the genetic composition (allele frequency) can be affected.
This type of change in the population’s gene pool is called what?
13. Which is NOT true?
a.
Natural selection has little effect on a population’s gene pool.
b.
Moving a species into a new environment challenges its survival.
c.
Selective mating can affect which traits are passed on in a population.
d.
Disruptive selection causes a bell-curve to shift in one direction.
14. Many things in nature (like frog color frequency) form a bell curve when graphed. This shows that
most individuals are?
15.
In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur
shown above have no purpose. This makes the whale femur a(n)
16.
The similarity in forelimbs shown above suggests a common ancestor for these species. Therefore, these
similar body parts are considered a(n)
17. All organisms have __________, suggesting that they are related.
18. Which is NOT correct?
a.
The embryos of a variety of animals have tails and gill slits.
b.
Fossils show a gradual change in species over time.
c.
Evolution is a theory, so it has little evidence to support it.
d.
Differences in species on different continents suggest that species adapted to different
environments.
19. The fossil record suggests what about species changing?
20. Fossils can be (3 things):
21. Closely related species have similar _________.
BIOLOGY TEST #4 REVIEW
1. A species is a group of organisms that:
2. Over time a small stream widens into a river, separating one group of antelopes into two. After this
geographic isolation, now mutations that occur in one group do not affect the other group. Eventually
the two groups may become so different that they can no longer mate. This is called:
3. When a species evolves slightly from its ancestors to match an environment and develop a new
adaptation, it is called:
4. When species evolve in response to each other it is called:
5. The development of wings in bats and in bees does not show a close relationship between these species.
They both evolved wings, but their wings are built in different ways. This shows
6. Darwin thought that one species of finches evolved into a few different species that were adapted to
different island environments. This is called a(n)
7. A mule is created from a horse and a donkey. Why aren’t horses and donkeys considered the same
species?
.
8. When studying the history of species over millions and billions of years, we look more at:
9. What proportion of all species that have ever lived has become extinct?
10. The 4 major eras of the earth’s history are dived into smaller _______________________.
11. The oceans of early earth, along with organic molecules floating in them are referred to as
12. What fact about mitochondria and chloroplasts give support for the endosymbiont theory?
13. How many half-lives of time (about 6000 years per half-life) must pass for 1/16 of the original
carbon-14 to be left in a dead organism? SHOW WORK!!
14. Where will the newest fossils be found in the ground?
A
B
C
D
15. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted two-word name in the system known as
16. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT
belong to the same
17. Several different classes make up a
18. Which kingdom has species that are heterotrophic, multicellular, consumers with a cell wall made of
chitin?
19. Which is the only kingdom with prokaryotic species?
20. A kingdom can be broken into smaller groups called
21. If an organism has to eat other organisms to get energy, it is called a(n)
22. If you can see a large organism, which absorbs sunlight to make sugars, it must be a
23.
Considering the dichotomous key for birds above, what is the species name of Bird X.
24.
Which is least closely related to Rabbits?
25. What is the mnemonic device for remembering the classfication system? (You can make up your own
if it will help you)
BIOLOGY TEST #5 REVIEW
1. Which of the bacteria in the picture below has a bacilli shape?
A
B
C
2. List the possible types of pathogens
3. Bacteria can reproduce rapidly using
4. What is the basic structure of a virus?
5. Viruses cause infection by
6. What does the Germ Theory say?
7. What does a parasite do to its host?
8. The first line of defense for the body is (are) the
9. When pathogens enter the blood stream, ____________ are produced to join the
pathogens into easily removable balls (bunches).
10. If a virus enters a cell, the immune system will sacrifice (kill) the cell with
11. A vaccine is an injection of
12. What is a specific response by the immune system?
13. Since these invaders are NOT living cells, antibiotic medicines cannot destroy them.
They are:
14. Body systems work to keep things balanced in your body. For instance, the human body
temperature is kept at or near 98 degrees. Maintaining this balance is referred to as
maintaining:
BIOLOGY TEST #6 REVIEW
1. What eat producers?
2. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems?
3. The algae at the beginning of the food chain above are
4. Which organism does NOT require sunlight to live? (It is a rare exception for a
producer.)
5. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the
6. The amount of energy and biomass that moves from one trophic level to the next is
about:
7. As energy flows through an ecosystem, some is lost as ___________.
8. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT
9. Water can escape from plants through
10. Most of the air in our atmosphere is ___________.
11. To get usable nitrogen, bacteria in the soil perform
12. ____________ are essential for recycling the nutrients in an ecosystem, as they return
nutrients to the soil.
13. A symbiosis in which both species benefit is called:
14. What is NOT an abiotic feature of an ecosystem?
15. The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment is called
16. All the places on earth where life exists are referred to as a
17. Right now, Asian carp could potentially enter the Great Lakes and disrupt the
ecosystem’s current balance. This new species is considered a(n)
18. When describing all that is involved in an organism’s complex role in the environment,
we are talking about its
19. The final stage of succession is
20. If a nutrient is in such short supply in an ecosystem that it affects an animal’s growth,
the name for this nutrient becomes:
21. The maximum number of individuals that a population can sustain in an ecosystem is
called the
22. When a population first begins to grow in an ecosystem, it will grow like the one shown
in the graph above. This shows what type of growth?
23. The biggest threat to most species is
24. ___________________ is good because it increases the chances that a species will
survive changes in the environment.
25. As pollutants move up the food chain, they become more concentrated in the cells of
organisms. This is called
26. Temperatures on Earth remain within a suitable range for life as we know it because of
the
27. What greenhouse gas makes up the majority of human greenhouse gas emissions?