Download Chapter 35 America in World War II 1941-1945

Chapter 35
America in World War II
1941-1945
Hitler First
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After the bombing at ____________, politicians in Washington D.C. adopted the strategy of "getting _______ first"; if America
diverted its main strength to the Pacific, Hitler might crush both the Soviet Union and Britain.
The politicians' idea was that if Germany was knocked out first (before the Pacific engagements began), then Allied forces could
be concentrated on _____.
The Allies Trade Space for Time
America's task of WWII was far more complex and hard than during _______It had to feed, clothe, and transport its forces to
________ regions.
It also had to send a vast amount of ____ and _________ to its allies, who stretched all the way from Australia to the USSR.
The Shock of War
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American __________ had denounced the Anglo-French war before Hitler attacked Stalin in 1941, but after Pearl Harbor, they
clamored for war against the axis powers.
Unlike WWI, when the patriotism of millions of immigrants was questioned, WWII actually sped the ____________ of many
ethnic groups into American society.
There was almost no government _____________ of minority groups.
Japanese Internment
The exception to this was the 110,000 __________________ on the Pacific Coast who were herded into concentration camps.
Washington feared that they might act as _________ for Japan in case of invasion.
Manzanar
The camps deprived the Japanese-Americans of basic rights, and the internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in ________.
Korematsu v. US
In the Supreme Court ruling in _________ v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court ______ the constitutionality of the concentration
camps.
Many programs of the once-popular New Deal were wiped out-including the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress
Administration, and the National Youth Administration.
President Roosevelt declared in 1943 that the _________reform era was over.
Building the War Machine
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The lingering ________________ was brought to an end with the massive military orders.
Orchestrated by the ____________________ (WPB), American factories produced an enormous amount of weaponry, such as
guns and planes.
The War Production Board halted the manufacture of ____________ items such as passenger cars.
It assigned priorities for transportation and access to _____________.
The government imposed a national speed limit and __________________ as America's lifeline of natural rubber from British
Malaysia and the Dutch East Indies was broken.
In 1942, a sharp ____________ surge occurred as a result of full employment and scarce consumer goods.
The ______________________________ (OPA) eventually brought the ascending prices down.
The _______________ (WLB) imposed ceilings on wage increases.
Unhappy with the wage ceilings, _____________called their members to go on strike.
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Threats of lost production through strikes became so worrisome that Congress, in June 1943, passed the ______________ AntiStrike Act.
It authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up businesses.
Washington took control of the __________ and, for a brief period, the _________.
Though, the vast majority of American workers were _________ to the war effort.
Manpower and Womanpower
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Even with certain key categories of industrial and agricultural workers being exempt from the draft, the draft left the nation's farms
and factories short of personnel.
In 1942, an agreement with Mexico brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers, called ________, to America to harvest
the fruit and grain crops of the West.
The armed services enlisted nearly 216,000 _____ in WWII.
Most commonly known were the _______army), WAVES (navy), and SPARs (Coast Guard).
Millions of women also took jobs outside the house, working in the ____________.
WWII foreshadowed an eventual __________ in the roles of women in American society.
The immediate post-war period witnessed not a permanent widening of women's employment opportunities, but a widespread rush
into suburban domesticity and the mothering of the "____________."
Wartime Migrations
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The war churned and shifted the American population.
1.6 million ______ left the South to seek jobs in the war plants of the ____ and North.
Black leader A. Philip ________, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a massive "Negro _____ on
Washington" in 1941 to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and in the armed forces.
As a result, Roosevelt established the _________________________ Commission (FEPC) to monitor compliance with his
executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries.
During WWII, FDR gave the _____ a disproportionate share of defense contracts in order to fix the economic crisis of the South.
In 1944, the advent of the mechanical cotton picker made the Cotton South's need for cheap labor disappear.
Following the invention, millions of black tenant farmers and sharecroppers headed north.
Some 25,000 ________________ served in the armed forces.
Comanches in Europe and Navajos in the Pacific made such valuable contributions as "____________."
Holding the Home Front
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Americans on the home front _______________ from the war, compared to the people of the other fighting nations.
By war's end, much of the world was in ruins, but in America, the war-stimulated economy was _______.
The hand of government touched more American lives more intimately during the war than every before; every household felt the
___________ of the rationing system.
Following the war, the _____________ rose from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945.
Most of the war costs were ________.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
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Simultaneously with the assault on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched attacks on various Far Eastern strongholds, including the
American outposts of ____,
Wake, and the Philippines.
In the Philippines, American forces, led by General _________, held out against the invading Japanese force for 5 months.
The America troops surrendered on April 9, 1942.
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They were treated with vicious cruelty in the 80-mile __________________ to prisoner-of-war camps.
The island fortress of __________ held out until it surrendered on May 6, 1942, giving the Japanese complete control of the
Philippines.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
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In May 1942, a crucial naval battle was fought in the _________.
An American carrier task force, with Australian support, engaged in the first battle in which all the fighting was done by carrierbased ________.
Midway
On June 3-6, 1942, a naval battle of extreme importance to both the Japanese and the Americans was fought near ______.
Admiral Chester W. ______ directed a smaller but skillfully maneuvered carrier force, under Admiral Raymond A.
________, against the powerful invading Japanese fleet.
The Japanese retreated after _________________.
Midway was a _____________ in the Pacific war.
Combined with the Battle of Coral Sea, the U.S. success at Midway ______ the powerful Japanese.
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
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In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on ___________ Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the
lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific.
After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943.
The casualty ratio was more than _______, Japanese to American.
The U.S. Navy had been "____________" the Japanese-held islands in the Pacific.
The strategy dictated that the American forces, as they drove towards Tokyo, would reduce the fortified Japanese outposts on their
flank.
The new strategy of ______________ called for bypassing some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts, capturing nearby
islands, setting up airfields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing.
The outposts would then wither and die due to deprivation of __________________ from the homeland.
Success came to the United States as Admiral Chester ______ coordinated the efforts of naval, air, and ground units.
______ Island, Tinian Island, and the major islands of the Marianas fell to U.S. attackers in July and August 1944.
From the Marianas, the United States' new _________________ were able to carryout round-trip bombing raids on Japan's home
islands.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
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Hitler had entered the war with a strong, ultramodern fleet of submarine __________ To combat these submarines, Allies used old
techniques, such as _________ convoys of merchant vessels and dropping d___________s from destroyers, which were
strengthened by air patrol and the advent of _____.
The Turning Point
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The _____________ in the land-air war against Hitler came in late 1942.
In October 1942, British general Bernard __________ delivered a withering attack on __________.
He drove the Germans, who were led by Marshal Erwin ______, all the way back to Tunisia.
In September 1942, the Soviets repelled Hitler's attack on __________, capturing thousands of German soldiers. (The turning
point in the war in the Soviet Union.)
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
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Many Americans, including President Roosevelt, wanted to begin a diversionary invasion of ______ in 1942 or 1943.
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They feared that the Soviets, unable to hold out forever against Germany, might make a separate peace as they had in 1918 and
leave the Western Allies to face Germany alone.
British military planners, fearing a possible disaster, preferred to attack Hitler through the "_______________" of the
Mediterranean.
The Americans eventually agreed.
Led by American general, Dwight D. __________, an assault on French-held ____________ was launched in November 1942.
The invasion was the mightiest __________ effort up to that time in history.
The German-Italy army was trapped in _______ in May 1943.
At __________, President Roosevelt met with Winston Churchill in January 1943.
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The two agreed to step up the war in the Pacific, invade ______, increase pressure on Italy, and insist upon
"_______________________" of the enemy.
After the success of Africa, Allied forces captured Sicily in August 1943.
In September 1943, Italy surrendered unconditionally and _________ was overthrown.
Although Italy surrendered, the _______ would not let the Allies take control of Italy.
The Germans fiercely fought the Allies and killed the Italian civilians who had ___________.
____ was taken on June 4, 1944.
On May 2, 1945, thousands of axis troops in Italy surrendered and became prisoners of war.
The Italian ____________ opened the Mediterranean and diverted some German divisions away from the Soviet and French battle
lines.
Teheran Conference
President Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and ______ met in _______, Iran from November 28th to December 1st to coordinate a
second front.
One of the most important achievements of the conference was the agreement on broad plans, especially those for launching Soviet
attacks on Germany from ________ simultaneously with the Allied assault from __________Because the United States was to
provide the most Allied troops for the invasion of Europe, American General __________ was given command.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
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French ________ was chosen for the point for invasion due to the fact that it was less heavily defended than other parts of the
European cost.
On D-Day, _____________ the enormous operation took place.
After desperate fighting, the Allies finally broke out of the German ring that enclosed the beach.
General George S. ______ led armored divisions across France extremely fast and efficiently.
_____ was liberated in August 1944.
The first important German city to fall to the Allies was ______ in October 1944.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
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For the election of 1944, the Republicans nominated Thomas E. _____ for the presidency and isolationist Senator, John W.
Bricker for the vice presidency.
The Democrats nominated Roosevelt for the presidency and, after dispute of trust with current vice president Henry A. Wallace,
Senator ______________ was chosen for the vice presidency.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
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Roosevelt won a sweeping majority of the votes in the Electoral College and was _________.
He won primarily because the war was going well.
______________ was a decisive factor with many voters, who concluded that
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Roosevelt's __________ was needed for making a future organization for world peace.
The Last Days of Hitler
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On December 16, 1944, Hitler threw all of his forces against the thinly held American lines in the ________ Forest.
His objective was the Belgian port of _______, key to the Allied supply operation.
The Americans were driven back, creating a deep "_____" in the Allied line.
The 10-day penetration was halted after the _______________Division had stood firm.
Brigadier General A. C. _________ led the Battle of the Bulge.
In April 1945, General Eisenhower's troops reached the ____ River, finding the concentration camps where the Nazis had
murdered over _______________
Not until the war's end did all of the atrocities of the "_________" appear.
On April 12, 1945, ________________________ suddenly from a brain hemorrhage.
Harry S ______ took over the presidency.
The Soviets reached and captured ______ in ______________Hitler _________________ on April 30, 1945.
On May 7, 1945, the German government ___________ _______________.
Japan Dies Hard
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Submarines and bombers inflicted severe damage upon Japan.
After the conquest of New Guinea, General MacArthur returned to the ___________, en route to Japan, with 600 ships and
250,000 troops.
In __________, a series of 3 battles took place from October 23-26, 1944, knocking out Japan's massive and powerful navy.
MacArthur then landed on the main Philippine island of _____ in January 1945, capturing Manila in March 1945.
________, needed as a haven for damaged American bombers returning from Japan, was captured in March 1945.
The island of _______ was needed for closer bases from which to blast and burn enemy cities and industries.
The Americans finally captured the island after fighting from ______________________
The American navy suffered heavy damage from the "________" Japanese pilots.
The Atomic Bombs
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The _______ conference near Berlin in 1945 sounded the death of the Japanese.
At the conference, President ______ met with Stalin and the British leaders.
They issued an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be _________.
On July 16, 1945, the _________________ was detonated.
With the Japanese still refusing to surrender, the first of 2 atomic bombs was dropped on _________ on August 6, 1945.
On August 8, Stalin invaded the Japanese defenses of Manchuria and _____.
After the Japanese still refused to surrender, the second atomic bomb was dropped on ________ on August 9.
On August 10, 1945, Tokyo surrendered under the condition that ________ be allowed to remain the emperor.
The Allies accepted this condition on August 14, 1945.
The formal end to the war came on __________________
The Allies Triumphant
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American forces suffered some ____________________ in WWII, while the Soviet Union suffered nearly ____________After the
war, much of the world was destroyed while America was virtually left untouched.