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APES Midterm REVIEW Content Chatpters 1-10,12, 13, 17 &20 UNIT 1. Understanding Our Environment Chapters 1,2,3,7 &8 A. Chapter 1- Core Case study, exponential growth, China’s consumers, Chattanooga Tenn,Aldo Leopold Environmental History of the World Aesthetics Introduction to Environmental Problems Antropocentric *Population Explosion Anthropogenic *Deforestation Appropriate technology *Pollution Conservation *Global Warming Hypothesis Environmental Decisions Intrinsic (Inherent) value *Environmental Ethics and Philosophy Paradigm *Aesthetics vs. Economics Preservation *Cultural Influences and Considerations NIMBY (not in my backyard) **Story of Easter Island Scientific Method Key Vocabulary Essential Questions What are the main problems facing our environment today? What are some of the hot local environmental issues today? What are some of the current national/international environmental issues? How have anthropogenic actions affected our ecosystems in America? Tragedy of the commons Environmental news article summaries Food Chains Resources Home the movie Hippocampus.org Habitable Planet online Textbook Miller Textbook and APES Resource Review B. Matter, Energy and Life- Ecosystems & How they work Chapter 1 - 3- know how to carry out a controlled experiment, Easter Island, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Tropical Rainforest and Sustainablility Energy Flow Essential Questions *First/Second Law of Thermodynamics What physical laws govern ecosystem *Photosynthesis dynamics? *Trophic Levels How do you make a food chain and food **Food Chain web for organisms in the regional **Food Web ecosystems in our area? Nutrient Cycles What are the steps to the carbon, *Carbon Cycle nitrogen and phosphorus cycles? *Nitrogen Cycle *Phosphorus Cycle Key Vocabulary Abiotic Ammonification Assimilation Autotroph Balanced herbivory Biomass Biotic Carnivore Conservation of Matter Know BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Pages 66-72 Consumers Decomposers Detritus First& Second law of thermodynamics Food chain Food web Gaia Herbivore Heterotroph Kinetic energy Legumes Methane Microbe Nitrification Nitrogen fixation Nutrient cycle Omnivore Organic phosphate Phosphate Potential Energy Primary consumer Secondary consumer Trophic level Range of tolerance Aerobic, anaerobic GPP gross primary productivity NPP, net primary productivity Limiting factor B. BIOMES- Climate,Terrestrial & Aquatic Biodiveristy Chapter 7 & 8 case studies Blowing Ecological and Terrestrial Biomes weather & climate Watershed *Deserts *Grasslands *Temperate Deciduous Forest *Tropical Rain Forest *Taiga *Tundra Aquatic Ecosystems *Lakes and Ponds *Streams and Rivers Surface runoff, in the wind & coral reef sustainablity Oligotrophic Eutrophic, hypertrophic Mesotrophic Cultural eutrophication *Inland Wetlands Marine Ecosystems (know images) *Coastal *Estuaries *Open Ocean greenhouse effect Permafrost rainshadow Essential Questions What are the characteristics of the major biomes of the Earth? What are two major factors that influence type of vegetation? Does diversity increase or decrease as you move from the equator? What are the ways to protect, repair and manage ecological hot spots? Key Vocabulary Benthic plant Biome Ecosystem Epiphytes Estuary Habitat Permafrost Quadrant Sampling method Mitigate Remediation Restoration Ecology Savanna Taiga Unit 2. Biodiversity, Evolution, Species Interactions A. Chapter 4 & 5- American Alligator, Why Protect Sharks, Sea Otter, Evolution, speciation *Tolerance Limits and Species Abundance *Natural Selection and Adaptations *Niche Specialization Species Interactions *Predation *Keystone Species *Competition *Symbiosis **Mutualism **Commensalism **Parasitism *Defensive Mechanisms Population dynamics pg 109 image Carrying capacity, Limiting factor Biotic potential Intrinsic potential Boom and bust cycles. 113 Ecological Succession *Primary Succession *Secondary Succession *Aquatic Succession Geologic Time Scale Plate Tectonics Pg 345-349 Ppt History of the world *Volcanism *Earthquakes Erosion Plate tectonics Subduction Tectonic plates Weathering Succession of the North Woods Glaciation Essential Questions What causes changes in ecosystems? What are the various stages of ecological succession in our area? What are the main types of species interactions? What is the relationship between physiological adaptations and evolutionary success? What limits species abundance? KNOW the case studies of the hare & lynx, Exploding white-tailed deer (114) Skills Constructing and analyzing graphs. Be able to utilize the transect sampling method. Identify the ecological succession occurring in fields and woods. Be able to set up an experimental ecosystem and understand what abiotic or biotic conditions affect organisms. EcoColumn Quadrat sampling Calculate a diversity index (Coral Reef lab) Key Vocabulary Abundance Adaptation Climax community Commensalism Competitive exclusion principle Diversity Control Ecological succession Evolution Gross Primary Production Habitat Keystone species Law of limiting factors Limiting factor Mutualism Natural selection Statistics and Hypothesis Testing Modeling with M&M's Niche Net primary production Optimal Range Plant community Predator-prey relationship Producers Primary productivity Primary succession Range of Tolerance Resilience Resource partitioning Secondary succession Tolerance limits Transect sampling method Variable B. Biodiversity, and Nature Preservation-Sustaining biodiversity Chapters 9& 10 case studies Chapter 9 Know each and every one Polar bear, bees, kudzu vine, california condor....EXP pg 202 DDT Ch10 case of reintroducing gray wolf into yellowstone Genetic Diversity *Hot Spots of the World *Endangered and Extinct Species Loss of Biodiversity *Habitat Destruction *Habitat Fragmentation *Exotic Species *Successful Comebacks *Wetlands **Development Pressures **Flood Control Biotic potential Carrying capacity Density-dependent factor Density-independent factor Exponential increase Environmental resistance K strategist Population Population density R strategist Key Vocabulary HIPPCO Biodiversity Clearcutting Common pool resources Corridors Deforestation Ecotourism Endangered species Exotic species mass & background Extinction Fragmentation Island Biogeography Overgrazing Threatened species Wetlands Intrinsic value Ch10 Old growth forest Tree plantation Deforestation Fires Rangelands Over grazing Biological hotspot, reconciliation ecology Essential Questions How do the mass extinctions in the pass differ from the rate of biodiversity loss experienced today? What are the major challenges to preserving the biodiversity on the planet? How has land use changed throughout human history? What are some threats to our national parks? What are some of the negative results of deforestation? Why are wetlands so valuable as a resource? UNIT 3. Water Resources and Pollution- October A. Chapters 8,13 & 20 Chapter 8 was learning all about watershed, and water resources Chapter 13 Water Use and Conflicts Content Water loss drop by drop Water Resources *Water Cycle *Water Storage Water Availability and Use *Fresh Water Quantities *Distribution of Water Resources *Utilization Patterns Water Shortages *Groundwater Depletion *River Water Legal Battles Methods of Increasing/Preserving Water Supply *Desalination *Recycling *Conservation Key Vocabulary Aquifer Cone of depression Desalinization Gray water Groundwater remediation Hard water Nonconsumptive water use Potable water Ground water Zone of saturation Runoff, surface water Drought Dams & reservoirs Flood plain Seep Soft water Storm water Surface water Turbidity Water table Watershed Chapter 20 Water PollutionB. Case study, lake Washington and treating sewage by working with nature. Types and Effects of Water Pollution *Oil Spills *Inorganic Chemical *Thermal *Agricultural Waste and Human Sewage Monitoring Water Quality **Cultural Eutrophication *Chemical Tests **Red Tide *Aquatic Species Monitoring **Pathogenic Organisms and Human Water Pollution Control Health *Sewage Treatment *Water Remediation *Water Legislation Essential Questions What are the ways that water pollution affects organisms? What is the relationship between BOD and DO? How do the EPA water quality standards compare with water quality of New Paltz streams? What are the ways we can reduce water pollution? What is the flow chart and operations of a sewage treatment plant? What is the comparison of nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved suspended solids, BOD and toxic substances before and after sewage treatment? Key Vocabulary Activated sludge Algae Algae bloom Biological nutrient removal Biosolids BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) Chlorination Coliform bacteria Cooling tower Cultural eutrophication DO (Dissolved oxygen) Eutrophic Eutrophication Fecal coliform test Grit chamber Heavy metal Hypoxia Indicator organisms Indicator species Natural biological control Non-point source Oligotrophic PCB (polycholorinated biphenyls) Point source Primary treatment Saltwater intrusion Secondary treatment Septic System Thermal pollution Treated sludge Trickling filter system Labs Water Quality Testing for Monitoring Stream Health- Field Site Studies( Ecocolumn) Biotic- aquatic larvae Abiotic- Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Nitrates, Alkalinity, hardness, CO2 Thermal Pollution on Yeast populations Water loss Drop by Drop Why is the Water Green- experimental eutrophication Field Trip Sewage Treatment plant BOD and Wastewater Treatment Lab The effects of Biodegradable Waste on DO UNIT 4. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17 How do humans as a species follow the same patterns as animal species above? Global population: 6.5 billion, increasing by 78 million per year, 2.5 per second Total Fertility Rate (TFR), know approximate rates for developing and developed countries, as well as replacement rate. Why is population a problem even though the growth rate has decreased since 1960? Doubling rule: 70 divided by % growth rate = # of years it will take to double the population IPAT(S) model: we talked about this at the beginning of the semester, review it! Demographic transition model: be able to explain the diagram. Why might some developing countries today not complete it? (Hint: this might be a good essay question!) Role of HIV/AIDS on populations. Methods of population control: Contrast methods of China and Bangladesh Role of economic empowerment and education in population growth rates Vocabulary age structure transition birth rate, or crude birth rate family planning cultural carrying capacity fertility rate infant mortality rate death rate, or crude death rate life expectancy demographic migration population change replacementlevel fertility rate total fertility rate (TFR) Summary 1. Birth, death, fertility, and migration rates are the factors that determine population size. As birth rates have declined in developed countries, population has increased due to people’s migrating into these countries. Women’s fertility rates have dropped but are still above the replacement-level fertility around the world. 2. Population size is profoundly affected by age structure. If women are past their primary child-bearing ages, population increase will be limited. If, however, the population has a large percentage of young women entering their childbearing years, the potential for large population increases is present. In general, the closer a country’s young women are to 15–40 years of age, the more potential for a rapidly increasing population. 3. We can influence population size by encouraging smaller families, by encouraging adoption of children already born and discouraging new births. Population size is, also, affected by health care or its lack; by epidemics (such as AIDS); by losses through war, etc. Lack of prenatal care for expectant mothers, failure to protect children from communicable diseases (like measles) or wide-spread diseases (like malaria), can contribute to a smaller population. In the past economic development, family planning, and economic opportunities for women have reduced birth rates. 4. India and China have both made efforts to control their population growth. China has been more successful because, as a dictatorship, it has imposed restrictions on family size with rewards and punishments for those who support or defy the government’s direction. India, without a policy of coercion, has reduced its birth rate; but the wish for male children and several children for the care of old parents has helped to maintain a growing population. 5. Effective methods for slowing the growth of world population include investing in family planning, reducing poverty, and elevating the status of women. Study Chapter 6,12,17 CH 6 Know how to do population problems, percent change, show increase or decrease. Be able to discuss population growth in first and 3rd world countries What are several reasons why CBR might drop in a country Look at graphs and explain trends Understand how to read Population profiles Ch 17 List and describe 3 biological, physical and chemical hazards Discuss case for each, source of problem, problem itself and solutions Be able to answer questions on LD 50 lab, Note table on page 456 Read cases on page 443(antibiotics), 450 (mercury),Bisphenol A, Image page458, case page 467 Data Analysis- assigned for HW CH12. Discuss benefits and problems with industrial agriculture, CFO's, GMO's Consider soils, fertilizer, energy, health, pollution, biodiversity, water shortage Know what 3 grains supply world food, Discuss alternatives to Industrial agriculture and plantation farming Know how to make a graph using uniform data points Time on the x axis and equal increments on the Y axis Label the axis and Then analyze the results.