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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
June 29, 2017
Chapter 0D:
Introduction
0D:
Architecture
3
Space
1
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
June 29, 2017
3
Area and Plane
3
Mass and Volume
Axis
line along which form is organized
There may be one or more than one
vertical, horizontal, diagonal
axis = important compositional element in painting
2
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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Proportion
Scale
3
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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ARCHITECTURE
3 Level 3
G8-19
Plan of Palatine
Chapel
Palace Chapel of
Charlemagne
792-805 AD
G8-20
Interior of
Palatine Chapel
Palace Chapel of
Charlemagne
792-805 AD
Medieval
Medieval
4
So much a part of life that we don't even think about it
as art
In architecture
spatial aspect most obvious in the arts
Group areas and volumes to create spaces
J392
Section of
Palatine Chapel
Palace Chapel of
Charlemagne
792-805 AD
Medieval
3
4
3
4
3
G3-11
Section
Giza Pyramid of
Knufu
Exterior Hagia
Sophia
532-537 AD
4
19995
Section
Hagia Sophia
532-537
Plan
map of floor
placement of masses
Elevation
head on view of an axis of a building
internal or external wall
shows features that would be visible beyond or before
the wall
Section
Placement of masses as if cut by a plane
usually along a major axis
4
Early Christian
15651
Plan Hagia
Sophia
532-537 AD
4
We react differently to different buildings
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4
15081
J321
G7-30B
Apse
St. Apolinare en
Classe
Central plan
radiates from single point.
Perceive whole entity at once
3
Long Axial Plan
3
Architect
Architect = sculptor & painter, needs sensibility of both
Resolve structural problems, work with engineers
Program of building
site
surrounding
client needs
materials available
function of building
1
Architecture
2
3
Prehistoric: Paleolithic
Head 3
4
term architecture usually reserved to enclosure of
space with some aesthetic intent
Upper Paleolithic Shelters
•
•
circular or oval huts
15’ to 20’ diameter
some colored the floors with ocher
(yellowredbrown)
activities centered around inside firepit / hearth for
food prep where tools, utensils made
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
June 29, 2017
Mammoth bone houses
From Ukraine, Russia
S1-2
Reconstruction
drawing of
mammoth bone
house from
Ukraine c.
16,000-10,000
BC
well preserved
solid, weatherproof shelter in treeless grasslands
settlements up to 10 houses
bones of wooly mammoth (extinct elephant)
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Religious architecture
3
Cave as Temple
3
Example:
El Juyo, North Spain
c. 12,000 BC
near Santander
near Altamira
North Spain
4
Found "Sanctuary" with altar like stone slab (apx 1
ton) supported by other Stone slab
--- see Gardner,
9th edition, p 32--
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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Jericho
2
3
4
Background
Timeline
c. 8000 – 7000 BCE
Southern end of Jordan river valley
Mesolithic
7000- 6000 BC
Jericho
7000- 6000
Neolithic began c. 8000
BCE (6000)
Some beginning as
early as 10,000 BCE
3
J41A
58935
Jericho, Early
Neolithic, Wall &
Tower. c 7000 6000 BC
G2-1
Great stone
tower built into
the settlement
wall, Jericho
c 8000 - 7000 BC
4
Level 3
Great walls / towers
to protect water supply
grain supply
c 8000 BCE new town built
house = mudbrick
on round or oval foundations
Mesolithic
7000- 6000 BC
Jericho
7000- 6000
Catal Huyuk
6000 - 5000 BC
Town wealth grew
powerful neighbors
Stone houses
Plaster floors- painted floors & walls
No pottery
c. 7500
1st known stone fortifications
population c. 2000
5’ thick over 12’ high
Stone houses
Plaster floors- painted floors & walls
surrounded by rock cut ditch
5’ thick walls, 30’ tall & wide = circular tower
Do not know if their was only one tower or many
4
c. 7000
abandoned by original inhabitants
new settlers early in 7th c. BCE
built rectangular mud brick houses on stone
fortifications, carefully plastered
Mesolithic / E Med
8000 (7000)- 6000 BCE
8000 – 3000 BCE
Neolithic / E Med
6000 (7000)- 3000
(4000) BCE
Spain
N Eur
3000 – 1500 BCE
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Çatal Hüyük
2
3
--- back up to ---
4
G2-3
J42
Schematic
reconstruction of
a section of Level
VI, Çatal Hüyük,
c 6000-5000 BC
Background
Timeline
c. 6000 BC
in Anatolia, Turkey
Catal Huyuk
6000 - 5000 BC
Neolithic 6000 - 3500
2
3
Mesolithic7000 - 6000 BC
Neolithic 6000 - 3500
Architecture
Houses
4
Houses of mud and timber
plaster walls
Houses clustered around central courtyards
Absence of streets
made it extremely difficult for invaders
to find their way through town
Jericho
7000- 6000
Catal Huyuk
6000 - 5000 BC
inhabitants entered house through roofs
Good protection from invaders
Buildings also mutually reinforced each other
Contained many religious shrines
3
G2-4
Reconstructio
n of a shrine
Level VI,
Çatal Hüyük,
c 5900 BC
Shrines
Çatal Hüyük
in shrine
new agricultural symbolism in which
Mother Goddess paired with Bull
Jericho
7000- 6000
Catal Huyuk
6000 - 5000 BC
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Architecture
2
3
4
Ziggurats
?
• stepped pyramidal structure with temple
or shrine on top
Names:
•
•
Earth”
3
4
“House of the Mountain”
“Bond Between Heaven and
Symbolic Function of Ziggurat
•
lofty bridges between earth and heavens
• meeting place for humans and gods
• temples known as waiting rooms because
priests and priestesses waited there for gods
to reveal themselves
3
4
Decoration of Ziggurat
Exterior:
• decorated with paint and elaborate
patterns of plain or colored bricks
(gods would be pleased
gods abhorred laziness)
c 3500 BC =
invention of wheel
Warka =
Sumerian City of
Uruk
Erech in Bible
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3
4
J107
G2-12
Plan of White
Temple, Warka
Examples
White Temple at Warka c. 3100-3000
BCE
On top of ANU Ziggurat
Anu ziggurat built up over centuries
4
c 3500 BC =
•
several centuries older than first pyramids invention of wheel
•
Prob. dedicated to Anu- (god of the sky)
•
•
Mound with sloping sides
Sloping sides reinforced
with solid brick masonry
40' tall
•
x
IRAQ
•
Stairs & ramps lead up to platform
on which Stands the sanctuary
•
white washed exterior
•
Heavy walls
articulated by regularly spaced
projections & recesses,
are sufficiently well preserved
to suggest something
of the original appearance
Warka =
Sumerian City of
Uruk
Erech in Bible
Zoser pyramid
c2600 BCE4th dyn pyramids
2500
Two large
complexes at
WARKA (Uruk)
1. dedicated to
Inanna- goddess
of fertility
2. To Anu - the
sky god
Temple
• laid out as a simple rectangle oriented to
points of a compass
•
4
off center doorway on long side
cella
• Main room contained raised platform &
altar
• narrow hall running full length of temple
flanked by series of smaller chambers
•
Where sacrifices offered before
the statue of the god
•
main entrance to cella = on SW side
instead of on the side facing the stairs
or on one of the narrow sides of temple
Many courtyards
and interior walls
of Inanna & Anu
compounds =
decorated with
cone mosaics
Add
INTERACTION
Compare
Mesopotamia &
Egypt temple
organization
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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x
XV-5
Babylonian
Ziggurat of
Marduk Bel
4
bent axis approach
•
Processional path = angular spiral
•
worshipper begins at the bottom
of the stairs on the east side &
must go around as many corners
as possible before reaching the cella
•
fundamental characteristic of
Mesopotamian religious architecture
Tower of Babel
Babylon
dedicated to Marduk – creator of humankind
and head of Babylonian pantheon
• p
• Egyptian
temples =
straight
single axis
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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Architecture
2
3
4
Serpent Mound
Serpent Mound
Plan
Burial Mounds
Evolution
•
•
•
N
M
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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Architecture
2
3
3-6
Imhotep
Stepped Pyramid
of King Zoser
c. 2650
Old Kingdom
3-10B
Great Pyramids
of Gizeh
From Left:
Menkure, c 2460
BC
Khafre, c 2500
BC
Khufu, c 2530 BC
4
Burial Mounds - Mastabas - Pyramids
Evolution
•
Neolithic burial mound.
evolved into the
•
Mastaba
a stone monumental tomb
which evolved into royal tombs in the form
of
• Pyramids
Mastaba = low
boxlike structures
with sloped sides
Stepped Pyramid
=stacked mastaba
MASS
AXIS
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Pyramid vs. Ziggurat
4
Ziggurats = temples on platforms
Pyramids = a tomb
3
4
Dual function of pyramids
•
protect the mummified king and
•
symbolize by its gigantic presence
his godlike and absolute power
4
The ancient Egyptians were
pre-occupied with the survival after death,
and the Old Kingdom pharaohs
went to great lengths to insure that survival.
2
3
3-10A
Great Pyramids
of Gizeh (From
Left:)
4
Menkure
( Mycerinus )
True Pyramids
Great Pyramids at Gizeh
Khafre (Chephren),
•
•
near modern Cairo
(west) bank of Nile
Cheops (Khufu),
•
built between 2530 and 2470 BC
( during 4th dynasty)
Mykerinus
(Menkure,
Mycerinus)
•
•
largest
•
c 2460 BC
Khafre ( Chefren
c. 2500 BC
Khafre (Chephren),
Khufu (Greek Cheops)-- oldest,
Menkure, (Mykerinus , Mycerinus)
)
c 2500 BC
Modeled after benben –prism
linked with
Amen- Ra
Khufu, ( Cheops
)
c 2530 BC
4
Each has
• its own precinct
• connected valley temple.
•
necropolises
(Literally "cities of the dead")
groupings of smaller pyramids & mastabas
at the base of the Great Pyramids
Mastabas members of
royal family &
high officials
Necropolis = often
included
pyramidal
tombs, temples,
guardian statues
15
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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4
4
4
Evolution of the Pyramid
Is the pyramid an invention
• inspired by religious demand?
or
• the result of formal evolution?
•
did not evolve out of necessity,
could have continued stacking mastabas
•
It is believed that the 3rd dynasty kings
came under the influence
of nearby Heliopolis
when they moved their
permanent residence to Memphis
Heliopolis
was the seat of the powerful cult of Re,
the sun god,
whose fetish was
the pyramidal stone the ben- ben.
4
By the 4th dynasty,
pharaohs considered themselves
•
•
4
the sons of Re and
his incarnation on earth.
Easy step to
• belief that the spirit and power of Re
• resided in the pyramidal ben-ben
to belief that
• their divine spirits and bodies
would be similarly preserved
within pyramidal tombs
kings could have
gone on indefinitely
piling mastabas one
on top of another,
to make their weighty
tombs
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J82
North-south
section of
Pyramid of
Cheops.
4
Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)
•
oldest, largest
•
almost a solid mass of limestone masonry
(Except for the galleries and burial
chamber)
4
•
Covered in dressed stone
•
Four sides are oriented to the
cardinal points of the compass
•
The simple mass dominates
the flat landscape to the horizon
• Carefully sealed and hidden entrance
"forced"
thieves to tunnel into tombs to plunder
them
•
3
4
4
4
Traditional entrance = center of north side
Construction of the Pyramids
•
Limestone quarried in the east. Nile cliffs
floated across river during seasonal floods.
•
Masons finished cutting stones
& marked them with red ink
to indicate their place in the structure.
•
Great gangs of laborers
•
Paid Labor for sphinx & pyramids
•
Vast public works for good of the population
•
NOT slave labor
•
Dragged stones up temporary ramps
(the wheel was not yet known)
•
Laid them course on course
•
Pyramid was surfaced with a casing of
pearly white limestone
cut so precisely that
the eye could scarcely detect the joints
VIDEO
Dragging Stones
Dressing Stones
17
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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xxxxxxx
3-14
Middle Aisle of
the hall of pillars,
valley temple of
the pyramid of
Khafre, Gizeh, c
2500 BC
4
Post and Lintel Construction
• Egyptian architects preferred post &
lintel
•
3
when used with massive shapes, it
expressed the changeless & the eternal
perhaps better than any other
architectural style
Vulnerability of pyramids
4
•
4
successors built a few pyramids
•
•
•
conspicuousness of the tombs
was an invitation to plunderers
many royal tombs were
plundered almost immediately
after the ceremonies had ended.
subsequent pyramids smaller scale
inconspicuous
hidden entrances and tomb chambers
attempting to frustrate robbery
4
Ultimately
• sites for their burial of kings to more
distant,
less inhabited parts of Upper Egypt.
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3
J81
Plan of the
pyramids at Giza
4
3
4
Khafre pyramid complex components
Pyramid of Khafre (Chefren) c. 2350
BC
•
the pyramid itself,
•
the burial chamber within or below
the pyramid
Chapel
•
the chapel,
adjoining the pyramid on the east side
•
•
•
vessels
•
where offerings were made,
ceremonies were performed,
cloth, food, & ceremonial
were stored
3
Covered causeway
4
3
Valley temple
4
•
•
leading down to the valley temple
or vestibule of the causeway.
East side = chapel
Xtian churches
orientation
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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Assyrians
c. 900 (1000) - 612 BC
Assyria
city-state of Assur
height of power c 1000- 612 BC
stretched from Sinai Peninsula to Armenia
even Lower Egypt c 671 BC
c 900 (1000)612 BC
9th – 7th c BCE
Ashurnasipal II
died 860 BC
Sargon died
705 BC
Asurbanipal
died 626 BC
Assyrian Empire
ends c 612 BC
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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Assyrian Palaces and Decoration
Assyrian
Kings saw themselves as "Kings of the World"
(G2-28)
Temples and Ziggurats
J120
G2-28
33473
Reconstruction
drawing of the
citadel of Sargon
II
Khorsabad
c 720 BC
Dur Sharrukin
Citadel of Sargon II at Khorsabad
c. 2/2 8th c BC
Assyria
c 900 (1000)612 BC
model of the cosmos,
his palace at the center
&
ziggurat stretching toward the
heavens.
Ashurnasipal II
palace covered >25 acres
more than 200 courtyards and rooms.
Asurbanipal
surrounded by a citadel with turreted walls
that shut it off from the rest of town
From the long narrow shape of the rooms
and the massive walls,
it is thought that brick barrel vaults
probably covered them.
Built in brick
but lined gateways and lower walls of important
interiors with great slabs of stones
slabs were decorated with reliefs or carved into
guardian demons( combo relief & sculpture
in round
died 860 BC
Sargon died
705 BC
died 626 BC
Assyrian Empire
ends c 612 BC
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
June 29, 2017
G2-30
23278
Winged human
head bull
(alabaster) 8th c
BCE, from
Khorsabad,
Paris, Louvre
Lamassugenii
believed to
ward off evil
spirits
J121
U524A
Gate of the
Citadel of
Sargon II
(74G2-706 BC)
Gate of the Citadel of Sargon II
His throne room was
guarded by the gigantic composite creature
known as the lamassu
whose duty it was to prevent evil spirits
from entering this sacred room. (G2-30)
Assyria
c 900 (1000)612 BC
Ashurnasipal II
died 860 BC
Sargon died
His bull's body is symbolic of the power of life,
while his wings
link him with the celestial regions and
his horned crown indicates his divine
stature.
705 BC
His relationship with the king
is seen in the
human features of his face
Assyrian Empire
ends c 612 BC
The scale
of all these figures is gigantic;
the build is stocky, often brutal.
The reliefs
combine the old conventions of
profile and full-face views
with a new naturalism
in the treatment of details.
Asurbanipal
died 626 BC
22
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
June 29, 2017
Processional gate from Babylon
Ishtar Gate of Nebuchadnezzar's Sacred
Precinct
c 575 BC
15617
Reconstruction
of Ishtar Gate
c 575 BC
Stokstad
Assyrians had used stone slabs
Reconstruction
of Ishtar Gate
Babylon farther from source of stone
They used Baked and glazed brick
c 575 BC
This technique had also been developed in
Assyria
but here used on larger scale
NeoBabyloni
an
c. 612 – 562 BCE
Nebuchadnezzar II
ruled 604 – 562 BCE
Here used for surface ornament and
architectural reliefs
With notches called crenellation
PROCESSIONAL:
Bull from the
Processional
Way, Ishtar Gate
(restored)
from Babylon
c. 575 BC
Glazed brick apx
38 1/4" high,
Metropolitan
Mus, NYC.
J125
G2-36
Ishtar Gate
(restored)
from Babylon
c. 575 BC
Glazed brick
Pergamon Mus,
Berlin
ISHTAR's Lions of Death (G2-35)
(along processional way)
Bull of Life
Lion of Death
GATE ITSELF:
superimposed tiers of
snake-like dragon of Marduk
(God of the underworld)
G2-36
Bull of Life
? and other animals?
Molded brick
within framework of vividly colored
ornamental bands
Grace and gaiety beyond Citadel of Sargon
Marduk =
snake like dragon
of God of
Underworld
23
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7
General View of
Persepolis
J129
G2-39
Plan of the
Palace complex
at Persepolis
Palace at Persepolis
4
begun by Darius I in 518 BC
4
Vast number of rooms, halls, courts on raised platform
Based on a grid
Recall royal Assyrian residences, and Assyrian
elements are the strongest influence
10197
Persepolis
c 500 BC
General View
fortified like Assyrian palaces
but with
more open space between buildings and
greater use of courtyards
(G2-39)
4
4
G2-38
Royal audience
hall and stairway
Palace of Darius
in background
Persepolis,
Persia
c. 500 BC
Audience Hall of Darius
The great Hall of One Hundred Columns (G2-38)
utilizes many ideas
garnered from the peoples the Persians conquered,
but melded together to create a specific style (G2-41)
Columns used on grand scale
Room = 250 ' square
Wood ceiling supported by 36 columns, 40' tall
only a few columns are still standing
Mature
Classical
Greek
Massing of columns recalls Egyptian architecture
4
Egyptian influence
ornamental details on bases and capitals
Slender fluted shaft
derivative of Ionian Greek in Asia Minor
Ionian Greeks = artists to the Persian court
4
Achaemenid Persians
c 539 - 331 BC
Darius
c 550- 486 BC
Xerxes
519- 465 BC
Overthrown by
Alexander the Great
(356-323)
in331 BC
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Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
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G2-40
J131
Bull capital from
the royal
audience hall of
the palace of
Artaxerxes II,
from Susa,
Persia, c 375 BC.
Gray marble, 7'7"
high, 12'3" wide.
Louvre, Paris.
4
Bull Capitals
Palace of Persepolis
Without Precedent
Achaemenid
Persians
c 539 - 331 BC
"Cradle" for beams of the ceiling
Persians
c 538 - 330 BC
Front parts of two bulls
Animals each are Assyrian in origin
but combination is somewhat an enlarged version of
the pole-top ornaments of Luristan
Darius
c 550- 486 BC
Seems to be the only instance f Architect's own artistic
heritage
Xerxes
519- 465 BC
Overthrown by
Alexander the Great
(356-323)
in331 BC
25
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Rock -cut tombs at Beni Hasan
G3-21
Plan an section of
a rock-cut tomb
G3-20
Rock cut tombs,
Beni Hasan,
c. 2000 BC
Most char remains of Middle Kingdom =
Tombs of local princes
Rock cut tombs at Beni Hasan, south of
Memphis
Middle Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
Best preserved is that of Khunumhotep
Khnum-hotep
The rock cut tombs largely replaced the Old
Kingdom mastabas
Hollowed out of living rock,
fronted by a shallow, columned portico
The portals and chambers contained
reserved columns, (engaged)
shaped as if they were planed wooden logs with
rectangular boardlike capitals
They "support" great timber-shaped stone
beams. Though all are continuous parts of the
rock,
the sculptured shapes
represent simple wooden chambers,
built on a post and lintel system.
Contained fundamental units of Egyptian
architecture:
1) a portico or vestibule
2) a columned hall
3) and a sacred chamber
G3-22
Hall interior of the
tomb of
Amenemhet
Beni- Hasan,
c. 1930 BC
Middle Kingdom
Hall interior of the rock cut tomb of Amenemhet
the reserve columns serve no supporting
function
as they are continuous parts of living rock
just as are the columns of the portico
Tomb walls were
decorated with paintings and painted reliefs,
similar subject to Old Kingdom
Typical
NK Temple
NK after 1500 BCE
elaborate mortuary temples at some distance
from actual burial sites
Is Amenemhet
the same as
Khunumhotep ?
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Tholos or Beehive tombs
4
It is thought that there were a
relationship between the Megalithic culture of
Europe and the culture of Mycenae,
based upon :
1) the utilization of the spiral motif, and
2) the use of tholos or beehive tombs
4
over 100 discovered
2 main elements
1)
entrance way - dromos
2)
round, vaulted burial chamber
Chamber tomb cut out of natural rock or clay
was precursor of tholos tomb
Impulse for grandiose stone structures probably
came from the Egyptian pyramids
Note:
Beehive Tombs
=
after shaft
graves at
Mycenae
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Plan / Section
1330 BCE
Entrance
1330 BCE
4
"Treasury of Atreus"
= the best preserved
This structure was misnamed
by Heinrich Schlieman,
who thought it to be the storehouse
for the treasure of Atreus,
father of Agamemnon and Menelaus
lintel =
apx 120 tons
Most beehive tombs
had been thoroughly looted
before their modern rediscovery.
as had this one
other tombs were found intact
x2-56
Dome of Tholos
"Treasury of
Atreus"
Mycenae
Vault apx 40' high
Both use the same
long passage for entry = the dromos,
and the
circular tomb chamber with conical roof =
tholos
tholos - circular tomb chamber
concentric
layers of stone
•
covered by a corbeled vault
layers of stone were placed,
each overlapping the other,
until they meet at the top.
•
outward thrust
of the weight of these stones
would not have allowed
stone dressed
these structures to stand unsupported,
after
the whole was covered with a mound of dirt,
construction
the vault - 45 feet tall
was supported by the surrounding earth
smaller more precise cut stones than citadels
This vaulted structure
without interior support was
the largest unified space in all antiquity
until the Roman Pantheon
was built 1500 years later.
c. 1350
Mycenaeans built elaborate stone palaces at
Athens
Thebes
Mycenae
Tiryns
and Pylos
Idea of large palace complexes came from
Crete
Actual designs came from elsewhere
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G4-23
The Lion Gate,
Mycenae
c. 1300 BC
Limestone
Relief panel
apx 9 1/2' high
Lion Gate
most impressive remnant of massive
architecture
entrance to the fortified city of Mycenae,
cyclopean walls
doorway = post and lintel
supported by the courses of dressed stone
below
overlapped
to form a corbeled arch serves to lighten weight carried by lintel
triangular space = filled by relief
of lions flanking the column.
one-eyed giants
Greeks credited
with having built
them
UN-MINOAN= use of stone relief over doorway
2 lions flank symbolic Minoan column
lions function as guardians of the gate
high relief
tense muscular bodies
probably sacred Minoan column
resting forepaws on the base.
The column like the goddess and the
ziggurat, serves to connect and focus the vital
forces of earth and heaven
A representation of the goddess,
flanked by animals,
was found in Mycenae as well,
where she stands for the tree,
the vital force of life,
the axis of the world.
supplies evidence of what Minoan columns
looked like.
Holes near the top of the animals
indicate that the heads, now lost, were
made of separate pieces of stone or metal.
Find similar groups in miniature on Cretan
seals,
symmetry = suggests Meso tradition
Mesopotamia heraldic composition.
column
often =
symbol of the
goddess
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3
J153
Plan of
Mycenaean
Megaron
x66
Mycenae
Plan
Megaron
Center of palace
Hall of state
here at Mycenae and other sites
x75
Hearth from
Megaron
Plan =
large rectangular room
round hearth in middle
4 columns to support roof beams
roof thought to be pitched
suited to warm climates
deep porch w / 2 columns
Basically this design =
enlarged version of simple houses
of earlier generations
Ancestry traced to Mid Helladic
Prob had
rich, decorative wall paintings
& ornamental carvings
to stress dignity of kings abode
germ of
classical
temples in
Greece
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Citadel of Tiryns
Known by Homer as Tiryns of the Great Walls
and by the ancient world as the birthplace of
Herakles (Hercules)
The warlike nature of the Mycenaeans, is
apparent from the heavily fortified citadel of
Tiryns and the great cyclopean walls of
Mycenae.
Palaces on Mainland = hilltop fortresses
surrounded by defensive walls of huge stone
blocks
this construction technique = unknown in Crete
similar to Hittite fortifications at Bogazkoy
G4-21
Plan of the
Citadel of
Tiryns,
c. 1400 1200 BC
G4-22
Corbeled
Gallery at
Tiryns
Cyclopean walls were also used in the
Mycenaean fortification at Tiryns.
The fortifications of Tiryns are better preserved
than those of Mycenae.
The heavy walls contrast sharply with the open
Cretan palaces and clearly reveal their
defensive character.
4-22
shows a rough hewn corbeled gallery made
from these massive stones
The rough appearance of these cyclopean
structures is most impressive in its crude
monumentality.
It possesses an earthy dynamism not found in
other more sophisticated, ancient architectural
styles.
Pausanias
(ancient
sightseer and
guidebook
writer)
considered the
walls of Tiryns
to be as
spectacular as
the pyramids in
Egypt
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Within the vast encircling wall (20' thick)
of the citadel, the palace buildings were
carefully arranged at one end.
Buildings were aligned axially and laid out along
a predetermined plan.
G4-22
Corbeled
Gallery Tiryns
One of the types of buildings found here, the
megaron, was to be important for later Greek
architecture.
The megaron,
a three chambered structure at the heart of the
design and the center of life in the citadel,
embodies the germ of the classical temples of
Greece.
This fundamental building type does not appear
in the palaces of Crete but does appear at Troy
as early as 2000 BC
The megaron
A hall of state, rectangular, with a central hearth
and four columns supporting the roof.
In the back room was the hearth, surrounded by
four columns that supported a roof thought to
have been pitched, unlike the flat roofs that
were used by Minoan builders
The island of Malta has well preserved
megalithic monuments, "temples", and tombs,
constructed of great stones, which were
dressed and fitted.
Perhaps the most ancient of masonry edifices in
Europe, these enclose various shaped spaces.
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Athenian Acropolis
Acropolis
Athens sacked by Persians in 480 BC
destroyed the Athens Acropolis
shortly before the defeat of the Persians
Acropolis = sacred hill above Athens
had been fortified site since Mycenaean times
Athenians, led by Pericles, s
completely rebuilding the Acropolis, one of the
greatest building projects of antiquity before
Roman times.
G5-42
Plan of the Acropolis
of Athens, restored
as of 400 BC
G5-43
Restoration (model)
of the Acropolis)of
Athens toward the
end of the 5th c BC;
the Parthenon,
(upper center), t
he Erechtheion
(left center),
and the Propylaia and
the Temple of the
Athena Nike
(right foreground).
Royal Ontario Mus,
Toronto.
Athenian acropolis on towering platform of rock
Buildings on acropolis =
= Classical phase in full maturity
Of the Periclean buildings on the Acropolis
the Parthenon sacred to Athena Parthenos
was the first and largest to be built
only one built before Peloponnesian War
5th c BC
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34
DORIC
G5-44
IKTINOS and
KALLIKRATES, the
Parthenon, Acropolis,
Athens, 448 - 432 BC
(view from Northwest)
G5-45
IKTINOS and
KALLIKRATES,
Southeast Corner of
the Parthenon,
Acropolis, Athens,
448 - 432 BC (view
from Northwest)
Parthenon
448- 432 BC
perfect embodiment of Classical Doric Architecture
final example of the evolution in architecture:
the columns are more slender,
the capitals smaller,
the entablature lighter,
and the entasis is more subtle.-to keep them
from appearing hollow
Architects - IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES,
ICTINUS and CALLICRATES,
peripteral temple
Ic-TINE-us
in ruin since 1687Turks stored
gunpowder in cella.
Exploded during siege
Gardner
Janson
peripteral = single
colonnade around naos
short side = slightly less than its long side
Cella= unusually wide ,
shorter than other temples
accommodates 2nd room behind
G5-44
Parthenon columns
Parthenon interior
with Athena
Parthenon
Pronaos/ counterpart
almost disappeared
extra row of columns in front of either
entrance
Naos = subdivided into two parts
1. Larger part contained the
cult statue of the Athena Parthenon
(by Phidias, apx 40' tall)
2. Smaller division of naos =
Treasury of the Delian League
but most of revenues spent on bldg. projects
The interiors were organized differently
naos- two double rows of small columns
for roof support
Perhaps for 2nd floor gallery from which
visitors could view the statue.
Pericles spent funds
collected from citystates which were allies
w/ Athens against
Persians
Athens =
chief victim and victor
in war against Persia
This = weakened the
position of Athens &
contributed to their
defeat in
Peloponnesian War
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
June 29, 2017
Only sanctuary to serve 4 different faiths in succession:
Greek
Byzantine
Catholic Cathedral
Mosque (under Turks)
Sculptures of the Parthenon
by Phidias
one of the great sculptors of all times
Parthenon epitomizes DORIC architecture
Except for 2 IONIC elements:
1. 4 Ionic columns in Treasury part of naos
2. Continuos frieze of sculpture
that runs along exterior of naos wall
Despite larger size of Parthenon
it seems much less massive than Temple of Poseidon
J183
Temple of Poseidon
Parthenon
entablature = lower in relation to width/ height of
columns
Cornice projects less
Columns more slender, tapering & entasis less
pronounced
Load carried by columns = decreased
Phidias
FID-i-ass
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36
The architects, IKTINUS and KALLIKRATES,
ICTINUS and CALLICRATES,
realized that
abstract geometric & mathematical rules were
inadequate for the perfection they sought;
break the rules
to give the illusion that
the rules had been followed-In addition to the
subtle entasis used on the columns to keep them
from appearing hollow,
they were concerned that the building would look
thinner on the corners
where the light could show
through the columns.
They counteracted this by making
the corner columns slightly thicker and
by moving them closer together.
Columns slanted inward, a device called "batter,"
and
they gave the entablature a slight batter outward.
continued upward
In order to keep the temple from
appearing to sag in the middle they
raised the stylobate or base
four and one half inches in the center.
each capital = distorted
slightly to fit curving
architrave
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R4461
G5-55
G5-53
The Erechtheion,
Acropolis, Athens,
421 - 405 BC
J196
The Erechtheum
(view from the south),
Acropolis, Athens.
421-405 BC
Porch of Maidens,
The Erechtheion,
Acropolis, Athens,
421 - 405 BC
37
Erechtheion
421- 405 BC
perhaps erected by Mnesicles
Ionic
Last of the Periclean program
Northern edge of
Acropolis opposite the
Parthenon
Most unusual in plan and
unlike any other Greek temple
largely due to its irregular site
and partly due to the number of shrines
included in it.
Named after the mythological Athenian hero
ERECTHEUS--- king of Athens
Erechtheion stands on traditional site
of contest between Poseidon and Athena
for dominion over Athens
Adapted to irregular, sloping site
Asymmetrical plan resulted from
need to bring traditionally revered sites
together
&the pious reluctance to disturb sacred places
included terracing sacred ground.
as a result
=several levels
with porches projecting from three sides
& an unusual screen wall closing off the fourth.
believe the Erechtheion = finished according to plan.
Asymmetrical form =
effective counterpoint to
the symmetrical unity of the Parthenon
Sculpture confined to frieze except for caryatids
Bare pediments lack of resources due to
Peloponnesian War?
Delicate/ rich ornamental carving on bases/ capitals
frames of doorways/ windows
eastern room =
dedicated to Athena
Polias
Athena = city goddess
several religious
functions
Chapter 0: Introduction- 1) Work of Art/ Terms
June 29, 2017
-----still -----
Erechtheion
421- 405 BC
G5-55
Porch of Maidens,
The Erechtheion,
Acropolis, Athens,
421 - 405 BC
Porch of Maidens
small porch facing Parthenon
Graceful caryatids
Striking complement to
the severity of Parthenon's doric columns
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3 Greek
3
Doric Order
Post and lintel
4
39
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3 Etruscan
3
Etruscan Temple
4
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3
Rome
4
Concrete
Volume
Aqueduct
Basilica
Plan
Maison Caree
c. 20 BCE
Pantheon
Pantheon
118-125 CE
Wooden ceiling
civic building
central hall
flanked by 2 narrow aisles
Pantheon
Cast concrete
pan = all
theos = gods
Barrel vault
Rome vaulting
Basilica
Comparison of Greek to Roman
From 06B-page.doc
Preferred Structure:
Walls:
“trademark Forms:”
Support System
Column Style
Sculpture
Painting
Art Subject Matter
Greek
“Temples to glorify gods”
Cut stone blocks
Rectangular, straight lines
Post and Lintel
Doric, Ionic
Idealized images of gods and
goddesses
“Stylized figures floating in space”
Mythology
Roman
“Civic Buildings (baths, forum) to
honor Empire”
“Concrete with ornamental facing”
Circles and curved lines
Vaults, rounded arch
Corinthian
“Realistic human beings, idealized
officials”
“Realistic images with perspective”
Civic leaders, military triumphs
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3
Early Christian
Christian style = closely tied to art of imperial Rome
Plan
Parts
St. Apolinare en
Classe
Interior
534-547
Basilica
Latin cross
Roman basilica
Exteriors- plain, severe
Interior = elaborate
Christian dichotomy between outer self (body) as
debased matter and inner self (soul) as transcendent
and immortal
Central plan
Greek Cross – equal arms
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3
Byzantine
5th – 7th century
Domed central plan
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia
San Vitale 526-547
Hagia Sophia 532 - 537
4
4
Art of the Middle Ages
From 08-page.doc
The art of the Middle Ages was chiefly concerned with religion. Traits and examples of the main forms
associated with the art and architecture of each style are:
Art
Architecture
Example
Date
Place
Byzantine
Mosaics, icons
Romanesque
Stylized Sculpture, frescoes
Domed Central plan church
Hagia Sophia
532- 537 CE
Constantinople (modern
Istanbul), Turkey
Barrel – vaulted church
St Sernin
Begun 1080
Toulouse, France
Gothic
Stained glass windows,
increasingly naturalistic
sculpture
Cathedral with pointed arches
Chartres
1194 – 1260 CE
Chartres, France
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Early Medieval
3
Carolingian
St Gall
Square schematism
Alternate support system
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Romanesque
3
St Etenne, Caen
1066 – 77
Vaulting
vaulting
45
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Gothic
3
Cathedral
Amiens
Nave
1220 - 1236
vaulting
dematerialize wall
ribbed vault
stained glass
46