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As the name indicates, biochemistry is a hybrid
science:
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Biology is the science of living organisms and
chemistry is the science of atoms and
molecules, so biochemistry is the science of
the atoms and molecules in living organisms.
Its domain includes the entire living world
with the unifying interest in the chemical
structures and reactions that occur in living
systems.
Where can you find biochemistry? All through
science, medicine, and agriculture.
Most common elements in living things are ______
____________________________________.
These four elements constitute about 95% of your
body weight.
Chemistry of carbon allows the formation of an
enormous variety of organic molecules.
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Organic molecules have carbon and
hydrogen; determine structure and function
of living things.
Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon
and hydrogen together; inorganic molecules
(e.g., NaCl) can play important roles in living
things.
Elements in Living Matter: Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous
Hydrogen Bonding: A
______________________ (bond), but are
collectively strong when many of them form. Ex.
Water
They form and break much more easily than covalent
or ionic bonds.
Properties of Water
Water is the single most abundant compound in most
living things. Cells contain about 70-90% water. A
water molecule is polar because there is an uneven
distribution of electrons between the oxygen and
hydrogen atoms. Polar molecules (with +/- charges)
are attracted to water molecules and are
Biochemistry Notes
_______________________. Nonpolar
molecules are repelled by water and do not dissolve in
water; are ____________________.
Cohesion: An attraction between molecules of the
____________________________________.
Because of hydrogen bonding, water is extremely
cohesive. Water’s cohesion causes molecules of the
same surface of water to be drawn inward, which is
why drops of water form beads on a smooth surface.
Cohesion also explains why some insects and spiders
can walk on a pond’s surface. Makes water
“____________________”.
Adhesion: An attraction between molecules of
________________________________.
Adhesion between water and a glass cylinder causes
water to rise in a narrow tube against the force of
gravity. This effect is called capillary action.
Capillary action is the _____________________
___________________with in the spaces of
porous material due to the force of adhesion,
cohesion, and surface tension.
Marcomolecules Biomolecules
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Fats are lipids with one, two, or three fatty acid that
dangle like tails from a small alcohol call glycerol.
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____________________ – fats with 3 tails.
____________________ – We will discuss in
the cell membrane.
_______________ are components which
repel water. Ex. bird’s feathers and plants cuticle.
Proteins: An organic compound of one or more
____________________. An amino acid is a
small organic compound with an amine group, a
carboxyl group (the acid), and one or more atoms
called the “R” group. Protein synthesis involves
bonding amino acids into chains called
_________________________. Proteins make
up hair, feathers, hooves, nails, etc. Enzyme are
proteins that speed up a chemical reaction.
Levels of Proteins
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Primary – ____________________sequence
Secondary – Structure emerges as a chain twists,
bend, loop, and fold. Becomes 3D
Tertiary – Occurs in the ER of the cell. A chain’s
coils will fold and twist into a stable, functional
domain such as pockets.
Quaternary – ________________________
________________chains join to become one.
Carbohydrates: An organic compound that consist
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Example: C6H12O6
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Main types are: __________________________
Nucleic Acids: Large molecules essential for all
known forms of life. They include DNA and RNA.
_____________________________________
“Saccharide” means sugars & Ending in –ose also
mean sugar.
Function: Cells use glucose as an short term energy
source or as structural material.
Lipids: Fatty, oily or waxy organic compounds that
are insoluble (incapable of being dissolved) in water.
Lipids provide ___________________________
_____________________________and are the
structural foundation of the cell membrane.
Structure: Carboxyl group joined to a backbone of
four to thirty-six carbon atoms.
____________________: Small organic
molecules, various kinds of which function as energy
carries, enzyme helpers, chemical messengers, and
subunits of DNA and RNA.
DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, a base, and a phosphate
group.
RNA: Ribose sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.