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LESSON
1
Thinking on Your Own
Read the Focus Your Reading questions. In your notebook write
“Route to the Indies.” As you read, make a list of all the explorers
who looked for a route to the Indies.
I
n the late 1400s, Europeans
focus your reading
searched for a new route to
the Indies. The Indies, as East
Why did Europeans look for
a new route to the Indies?
Asia and the islands of
What route did the
Indonesia were called, was the
Portuguese find?
source of spices, gold, jewels,
Was Columbus’s plan to sail
and perfume. They were
west realistic?
known as the Spice Islands.
The Arab merchants who
vocabulary
controlled this trade charged
Indies
cartographer
high prices for their goods.
navigate
strait
Italian merchants bought the
caravel
goods from the Arab merchants
and shipped them to Europe.
They also charged a fee for their service. People in Western
Europe looked for ways to get these items at lower costs.
Marco Polo
helped
establish the
spice trade.
21
Portuguese Explorers
The Portuguese were the first to set out to reach the Spice
Islands by sailing around Africa’s Cape of Good Hope.
A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, took the lead.
He set up a school to help sea captains learn to navigate the
African coast. In 1488, a Portuguese sea captain named
Bartholomeu Dias reached the tip of Africa, known as the Cape
of Good Hope. Nine years later, Vasco da Gama followed that
route and sailed on to the west coast of India. In a short time,
Portuguese ships reached Asia and the Spice Islands by sailing
east. This was, however, a long and dangerous trip.
King Ferdinand
and Queen
Isabella of Spain
ship. In fact, the actual distance to Asia is about 10,000 miles.
Columbus miscalculated the length of his voyage by thousands
of miles.
Early Explorations
Eric the Red,
985
ASIA
W
Leif Ericsson,
1001
NORTH
AMERICA
N
Europe
E
Lisbon
92
S
us, 14
olumb
C
Medit
erra
n ea
n S ea
India
Arabia
AFRICA
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Mag
ellan
, 152
0
SOUTH
AMERICA
,
ma
Ga 98
da 7–14
149
Dias,
1487–1488
Mag
Guam
East Indies
(Spice Islands)
INDIAN
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Straits of
Magellan
PACIFIC
OCEAN
China
Magellan
killed
Madagascar
AUSTRALIA
Cape of
Good Hope
Christopher Columbus
A sea captain from Genoa, Italy, named Christopher Columbus
thought he could reach the Indies by sailing west. This route
had never been tried. He persuaded King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage. In August 1492,
Columbus sailed from Spain with three ships: the Niña, the
Pinta, and the Santa Maria. By his calculations, the distance
between Europe and Asia was about 2,500 miles. That was
well within the sailing range of a Spanish caravel, his choice of
22
C h a p te r 2
ella
n, 1
521
After two months at sea, the crew demanded that Columbus
sail for home. He agreed to do so, if they did not find land
within three days. On the third day, October 12, 1492, a
lookout sighted land. It was an island in the Caribbean Sea
that Columbus named San Salvador. Columbus was certain
that he had reached the Indies. Until this time, no European,
other than the Vikings, had set foot on North and South
America. Columbus called the people he met on San Salvador
“Indios,” a name that later became “Indians.”
Columbus made a total of four trips to the Caribbean. He
explored its islands and the coast of South America. Contrary
to popular belief, he never touched the land of
what is now the United States. He died in 1506,
convinced that these lands were part of Asia
instead of an unknown hemisphere.
Christopher
Columbus
He and his crew, however, were not the first
Europeans to reach the Western Hemisphere.
About the year 1000, a Viking named Leif Ericsson
had sailed from Iceland to the coast of
Newfoundland. The Vikings established a
settlement at what is now the town of L’Anse aux
Meadows, Newfoundland. Columbus knew nothing
about that voyage or the Viking settlement.
E u ro p e a n E x p l o re r s
23
Gre
M
es
R
R.
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
O hio R.
.
Mississ
ipp
iR
.
o
r ad
ol
o
Amerigo Vespucci was the first European to realize that
Columbus had discovered a continent. He reached that
conclusion in 1499, after exploring the coast of South America
for Portugal. A cartographer, or mapmaker, later named the
entire hemisphere America, after Amerigo
Vespucci. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, a Spanish
stop and think
explorer, was the first European to find the
ocean that separates the Americas from Asia.
In your notebook
In 1513, from the top of a hill in Panama, he
write a statement that
describes each
saw the “South Sea.” We know it today as the
explorer’s route to the
Pacific Ocean.
Magellan’s
fleet off the
tip of South
America
Lak
i
our
iss
Amerigo Vespucci and
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
at
C
de Soto,
1539-1542
de Soto dies,
Po
nc
e
de
Le
ón
GULF OF
MEXICO
,1
51
3
N
W
E
Caribbean
Sea
S
De Balboa,
1513
Indies. Compare your
statements with those
of a partner.
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out to
explore the Pacific Ocean. He crossed the
Atlantic and sailed down the east coast of South America. At
the tip of South America, known as Cape Horn, he discovered
a strait that led to the Pacific. It is now called the Strait of
Magellan. He sailed west to the Philippine Islands, where he
was killed during a battle between two local groups. His crew
sailed on to Asia. When they arrived in Spain in 1522, they
were the first people to sail around the world.
Later Explorers
Thereafter, Spain sent other explorers to learn more about the
Americas. Juan Ponce de León explored the coast of Florida.
He also stopped to search for the Fountain of Youth, a story of
legend. In 1539, Hernando de Soto set out from Florida with
600 men to explore what is now the southern United States.
They were the first Europeans to reach the Mississippi River.
Francisco Coronado
later explored the
American Southwest.
Hernando
de Soto
Putting It All
Together
Columbus and other
explorers made several
mistakes in their
calculations about
getting to the Indies.
Find three mistakes
they made and write
them in your notebook.
Compare your list with
a partner.
24
E u ro p e a n E x p l o re r s
25
LESSON
2
Columbus Describes
the Caribbean People
On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on an island in the
Caribbean. In the following journal entry, he describes the first people that
he saw. Although Columbus and
later settlers treated the local
reading for understanding
people harshly, their first
meeting was welcoming.
Why did Columbus give the
people gifts?
How did they respond?
eat
How did they react to European
t form gr
h
ig
m
e
w
they
t
a
h
I, that
t
weapons?
w
e
n
, for I k
ore
m
e
b
ld
u
friendship
o
c
ople who
our
were a pe
verted to
n
o
c
d
n
a
d
force,
easily free
e than by
v
lo
d glass
y
b
h
d caps, an
r
e
r
holy fait
m
e
h
t
many othe
of
d
e
n
m
a
o
,
s
s
k
o
c
t
e
eir n
gave
t round th
u
p
o
t
s
d
a
be
...
re
ttle value.
boats whe
’s
ip
h
s
things of li
e
to th
,
ards come
us parrots r
w
r
g
e
t
in
f
g
a
in
y
r
e
b
“Th
othe
and
and many
swimming
,
s
t
r
a
d
,
s
what
we were,
ds in skein took all, and gave
a
e
r
h
t
n
o
t
cot
they
. In fine,
. .
things. . .
od will. .
e
o
g
h
it
w
y handsom
r
e
v
h
they had
it
w
hey
made,
ces. . . . T
very well
n
a
e
r
n
a
e
t
y
n
e
u
I
h
o
c
“T
arms, for
ery good
f
v
o
d
g
n
in
a
h
,
t
s
y
bodie
ow an
r y nor kn
r
a
c
r
e
h
it
ne
s,
em sword
showed th k them by
too
and they
and cut
the blade
s through
themselve
.
ignorance
.,
Jameson, ed
J. Franklin
y
atives of Earl
Original Narr ry (1909).
to
American His
“
”
26
Thinking on Your Own
Read the Focus Your Reading questions. Think about the term
northwest passage. Imagine that you are an English explorer in
1500 looking out at the Atlantic Ocean. Where might a northwest
passage be located? Why would finding it be important to you?
Write the answers to these two questions in your notebook.
N
ews that Columbus had
reached the Indies
quickly reached England.
King Henry VII did not want
England to be shut out of the
Indies. The result was a series
of English voyages of
exploration.
John Cabot
John Cabot was the first
explorer to sail in search of land
for England. Cabot believed he
could find a shorter route to the
Indies by sailing directly west
from England. Henry VII gave
him a small ship and a crew of
eighteen men. In 1497, Cabot
sailed to Newfoundland, a land
which he claimed, or took, for
England. Highly pleased, the
king sent Cabot out again in
1498. On this voyage, he
explored the coast of North
America as far south as
Delaware. He, too, thought he
had reached the coast of China.
focus your reading
Why were John Cabot’s
voyages important to
England?
What does the term
northwest passage mean?
How were the “sea dogs” a
different kind of explorer?
vocabulary
claimed
northwest passage
sea dogs
plundered
John Cabot
E u ro p e a n E x p l o re r s
27
R
.
Frobisher, 1576
e
ck
Ma
nz
.
eR
Hudson
Bay
P eac
eR
astia
150 n Cabo
8-15
t
09 ,
R.
an
ew
John Cabot,
1497
at
ch
.
Hudson,
1610
Sask
.
um
l
Co
G r e a
t
R
pi
.
L a
k e
s
uri
so
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
R.
o
09
Hudson, 16
.
Mi
s
Hudso n R
ip
Mississ
bi
a
R
Seb
Ohio R.
R.
ol
d
or a
C
o
Ri
de
an
Gr
GULF OF
MEXICO
N
W
E
S
Explorers
searched for a
northwest
passage during
the sixteenth
century.
28
C h a p te r 2
Caribbean
Sea
Searching for the
Northwest Passage
The next British explorers had a more definite purpose in
mind. They knew that Columbus had not reached the Indies.
They set out to find a
northwest passage, a
direct route to Asia
through North America.
In 1509, Sebastian Cabot,
John Cabot’s son, looked
for it along the east coast
of Canada. He claimed to
have found the opening.
Instead, he probably
found the inlet to Hudson
Bay. Later, in 1576,
Martin Frobisher also
searched in vain for a
passage through the
stop and think
In your notebook
draw three interlocking circles with
a common middle.
Label the circles
“Sebastian Cabot,”
“Martin Frobisher,”
and “Henry Hudson.”
In each circle write
one interesting fact
about that explorer. In
the common middle
write what the three
had in common.
continent. He returned with his
ship loaded with ore that looked
like silver. It turned out to be
worthless. In 1610, Henry
Hudson thought he had found the
Northwest Passage. It was only a
large inland sea that later was
named Hudson Bay.
Francis Drake’s
Voyage Around
the World
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I
(1558–1603) produced a new kind
of English explorer. These English
“sea dogs” plundered, or stole
from, Spanish ships while exploring new territory. The most
daring of all was Francis Drake. Queen Elizabeth helped
Drake outfit a fleet of ships for a voyage around the world. He
crossed the Atlantic in 1577 and sailed through the Strait of
Magellan. Then he sailed north to raid Spanish colonial towns
along the Pacific coast of South America. After capturing a
Spanish treasure ship near Panama, he sailed up the coast of
Mexico and California. He was looking for
a western entrance to the Northwest
Passage. Drake arrived back in England in
1580. He spent nearly three years traveling
36,000 miles around the world, but did not
find a shortcut to the Indies.
Francis
Drake and
the “sea
dogs”
Putting It All Together
Sailors often told stories about their
adventures at sea. Imagine that you are
an English seaman who sailed with Martin
Frobisher (1576) or Francis Drake
(1577–1580). Write a story about your
adventures. Include facts such as time
of year, weather, conditions at sea.
E u ro p e a n E x p l o re r s
29
LESSON
Henry Hudson
(1565–1611)
Few names are as prominent on the map of North America as Hudson.
The longest river in New York State is the Hudson River. Hudson Bay is
North America’s largest inland body of water. The 500-mile strait leading
to it is called Hudson Strait. The name is there because of Henry
Hudson’s explorations to find a northwest passage to the Indies.
Little is known about Henry Hudson’s youth. Hudson probably spent
his earlier years as a cabin boy on a ship. Hudson’s grandfather helped
found the Muscovy Company. This company, made up of merchants in
London, traded with Russia for furs, hides, and lumber.
In April 1607, the Muscovy Company sent Hudson to search for a
passage to the Indies north of Greenland. He found polar bears, whales,
and icebergs, but no ice-free route to the Indies.
The next year the company asked Hudson to look for a “Northeast
Passage.” He sailed north and east from England to the Barents Sea,
searching for a way around Russia to China. Icebergs there forced him
to turn back.
In 1609, Henry Hudson tried the northeast route again. This time his
voyage was financed by Holland. Again, the icebergs stopped him. He
took a long way home, crossing the Atlantic to explore the coast of North
America. On this leg of the voyage, he sailed into a long waterway. What
he hoped was the Northwest Passage turned out to be the Hudson River.
In 1610, London merchants again sent Hudson to search for the
northwest passage. This time he sailed to the icy north coast of Canada.
Hudson found a long waterway—now Hudson Strait—that led inland to a
huge bay, today called Hudson Bay. Then the ice closed in, stranding the
ship for the winter. In the spring, the starving crew refused to go further.
They set Hudson, his son John, and seven others adrift in a small boat.
The crew returned to England, leaving the men to die.
30
3
Thinking on Your Own
Read the Focus Your Reading questions. Then look at the map and
pictures included in this lesson. What clues do they give you about
French explorers in North America? Write three predictions in your
notebook. Compare your predictions with those of a partner.
A
s explorers of North
America, the French were
latecomers. In 1492, France,
not Spain, was Europe’s most
powerful nation. The French
kings kept their attention
focused on Europe. For a
hundred years they spent little
time or money exploring new
lands. When France finally did
take an interest in North
America, its explorers staked
out a vast empire.
focus your reading
What did early English and
French explorers have in
common?
What was Champlain’s goal
as an explorer?
How did La Salle’s
explorations benefit France?
vocabulary
empire
missionary
trading posts
Louisiana
Verrazzano and Cartier
The first French explorers set out to find a water route to the
Indies. Like the early English sea captains, they hoped to find
a northwest passage. In 1523, Giovanni da Verrazzano, an
Italian living in France, led the first expedition. He explored
the coastline from North Carolina to
Newfoundland, but found no passageway.
From 1534 to 1541, Jacques Cartier made
three voyages to North America. On his
second voyage in 1535, he sailed up the St.
Lawrence River. That journey established
France’s claim to eastern Canada. Cartier
also failed in his attempt to find the
Northwest Passage.
Giovanni da
Verrazzano
31
French Exploration
of North America
Ca
r ti
er,
1
53
515
36
Hudson
Bay
Joliet
Marquette,
1672
Champlain,
1603-1616
L
a
k
e
s
N
n
Hudso
G r e
a t
and
E
W
S
R.
M
is
s
ri
ou
O hio R.
lor
Mississi
ppi R
.
o
ad
o
R.
R.
C
La Salle,
1682
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
o
Ri
Gr
de
an
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Sieur de
La Salle
claimed
land for
France.
GULF OF
MEXICO
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de
Champlain
Verrazzano, 1523
stop and think
The voyages of Samuel de Champlain opened
a new chapter in French exploration. The main
Create an ad for
purpose of his eleven voyages (1603–1635)
a French trading
was to expand the fur trade with the people
company that is trying
of America. The French exchanged brass
to attract families to
move to Canada.
kettles, iron pots, and knives for beaver, fox,
Include the
bear, and wolf skins. Fur was used to make
advantages and
men’s felt hats, to
rewards of making
trim coats, and to
the move to Canada.
make warm
You may have to do
covers. Champlain
additional research
explored the
to find specific
interior of Canada
information about
different settlements.
for places to set up
trading posts. He
also discovered a huge lake, which
he named Lake Champlain.
Later French
Explorers
paddled down the Mississippi River to present-day Arkansas.
In 1682, La Salle journeyed all the way down the Mississippi
River, reaching the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the entire
Mississippi River valley for France, along with all the rivers
that flowed into it. He named this vast area Louisiana, in
honor of King Louis XIV.
Jacques
Marquette
Putting It All
Together
With a partner review the
sections describing the
explorations of Verrazzano,
Cartier, Champlain, and La
Salle. Write questions about
the explorers and quiz each
other. Write the questions and
the answers to them in your
notebook.
Other French explorers followed
Champlain’s lead. Sieur de La Salle
explored the Ohio River valley,
claiming it for France. A French
trader, Louis Joliet, and a missionary
named Jacques Marquette traveled
west to Lake Michigan. They also
32
C h a p te r 2
E u ro p e a n E x p l o re r s
33
Reading Maps
Maps link history to geography. They show where on the
earth’s surface past events and developments took place. Maps
are valuable sources of information. However, to read the
information one must understand the language and symbols of
maps. These include the following:
• Map Title. It tells you what kind of information the
map includes.
• Map Labels. They are words or names that identify
England also wanted to find a route to the Indies. In 1497,
John Cabot claimed the coast of North America for England.
He thought he had reached the Indies. The English explorers
who came after him knew better. They searched for a
northwest passage through North America to Asia. Later,
English “sea dogs” plundered Spanish ships while exploring
land in the Western Hemisphere.
1
2
3
34
C h a p te r 2
Create a crossword puzzle using key words from this chapter.
Connect the words horizontally and vertically where they
share the same letters. Write definitions in your own words
under the puzzle.
Imagine that you are listening to a conversation. Write several
lines of dialogue between the French traders and Native
Americans. Keep in mind what they exchanged for the furs.
Create a newspaper ad for a merchant who has various
items from the Indies for sale.
present information.
• Map Key or Legend. The explanatory list, usually
placed in a box, helps you interpret the information.
• Compass Rose. This indicator helps you find directions
on the map.
• Distance Scale. It indicates the scale in miles on the
map. Maps are drawn to different scales.
Use the map to answer the following questions:
3
4
5
15
553
Joliet and
Marquette,
1672
In what direction did Cartier
sail when he explored the
St. Lawrence River?
L a
k
e
r,
1
Champlain,
1603-1616
G r e
a t
tie
What part of North America did
the first French explorer visit?
N
E
W
s
S
0
Who first explored the Mississippi
River and in what year?
About how far did Joliet and
Marquette travel down the
Mississippi River?
36
Hudson
Bay
French Exploration
of North America
ar
2
What geographical area does
this map include?
C
1
500 miles
i R.
Chapter Review
• Map Symbols. The lines, arrows, dots, and icons
issip
p
French explorers also looked for a route to the Indies.
Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River and claimed
land for the French empire. Samuel de Champlain established
trading posts to sell furs to help pay the cost of his journeys.
The French were the first Europeans to explore the Ohio River
valley. A missionary named Marquette explored part of the
Mississippi River. Later, La Salle claimed the river valley for
France, naming it Louisiana for King Louis XIV.
places on the map.
Miss
I
n the late 1400s, Europeans tried to find a new route to the
Indies. They wanted more control over the spice trade with
that region. A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, helped
explorers learn to navigate around the tip of Africa. In 1492,
Columbus sailed from Spain in three caravels to an island in the
Caribbean Sea. He thought he had reached the Indies. In 1519,
Ferdinand Magellan found a way to the Indies through the
strait south of South America. These explorations helped
cartographers map the hemisphere.
La Salle,
1682
Verrazzano, 1523
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
GULF OF
MEXICO
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Caribbean
Sea
E u ro p e a n E x p l o re r s
35