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Student Study Guide for the American Pageant
Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The Union defeat at Bull Run ended Northern
complacency about a quick victory. George
McClellan and other early Union generals proved
unable to defeat the tactically brilliant Confederate
armies under Lee. The Union naval blockade put a
slow but devastating economic noose around the
South.
The political and diplomatic dimensions of the war
quickly became critical. In order to retain the border
states, Lincoln first de-emphasized any intention to
destroy slavery. But the Battle of Antietam in 1862
enabled Lincoln to prevent foreign intervention and
turn the struggle into a war against slavery. Blacks
and abolitionists joined enthusiastically in a war for
emancipation, but white resentment in part of the
North created political problems for Lincoln.
The Union victories at Vicksburg in the West and
Gettysburg in the East finally turned the military
tide against the South. Southern resistance remained
strong, but the Union victories at Atlanta and
Mobile assured Lincoln’s success in the election of
1864 and ended the last Confederate hopes. The war
ended the issues of disunion and slavery, but at a
tremendous cost to both North and South.
GLOSSARY - To build your social science vocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms:
intelligence - In military affairs or diplomacy, specific information about an adversary's forces, deployments,
production, and so on.
reconnaissance Operations designed specifically to observe and ferret out pertinent information about an
adversary.
proclamation An official announcement or publicly declared order.
flank The side of an army, where it is vulnerable to attack.
court-martial A military court or a trial held in such a court under military law.
garrison A military fortress, or the troops stationed at such a fortress, usually designed for defense or
occupation of a territory.
morale The condition of courage, confidence, and willingness to endure hardship.
pillaging Plundering, looting, destroying property by violence.
tribunal An agency or institution (sometimes but not necessarily a court) constituted to render
judgments and assign punishment.
running mate In American politics the candidate for the lesser of two offices when they are decided
together - for example, the U.S. vice presidency.
Explain Lincoln’s hopes at the start of the Civil War? (pg. 453) ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run would (pg. 453)
A) lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond. B) bring an end to slavery.
of the South. D) pull the Border states out of the Confederacy.
E) all of the above.
Arrange the following in chronological order:
(A) the Battle of Bull Run,
(C) Lee's surrender at Appomattox, (D) the Battle of Antietam.
C) destroy the economy
(B) the Battle of Gettysburg,
What were the consequences of The South's victory at Bull Run in 1861 (pg. 454) ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
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In what way was the Union's defeat at Bull Run a blessing in disguise? (pg. 454) _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
Describe the temperment and overall characteristics of George B. McClellan? (pg. 454-55) _______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, General George McClellan made the mistake of (pg. 454)
A) taking too many risks. B) relying on Lincoln's military judgment. C) being unconcerned about the morale of his
troops.
D) not drilling his troops enough to prepare them for battle.
E) consistently believing that the enemy
outnumbered him.
Describe the irony associated with the Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign? (pg. 456-57) ______________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except (pg. 456)
A) cutting the Confederacy in half. B) marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas. C) blockading the
Confederacy's coastline. D) liberating the slaves. E) bypassing the Confederate capital at Richmond.
At what point during the Civil War did the Union strategy turn toward “total war”? (pg. 457) _____________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
The final Union war strategy included all the following components except (pg. 457)
A) guerrilla warfare.
B) a naval blockade.
C) undermining the Confederate economy.
D) seizing control of the Mississippi River.
E) capturing Richmond.
Britain did not protest too loudly against the Union naval blockade of the Confederacy because (pg. 458)
A) Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war. B) the British government clearly supported the Union.
C) it would have been useless to try to run the blockade.
D) profits were not high enough to justify the risk.
E) the blockade did not cut off cotton shipments.
Explain how the Confederates were almost able to break the Union blockade? (pg. 459) _________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
What happened to General George McClellan after halting Lee's troops at Antietam? (pg. 459) ___________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
What act of carelessness led to a Union victory at Antietam? (pg. 459) _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
The two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil were? ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
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Chapter 21 Test Review worksheet (continued)
What affect did the North's “victory” at Antietam have on President Lincoln? (pg. 459) ___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________.
What did the Emancipation Proclamation specifically accomplish? (pg. 460-61) _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.
The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army (pg. 463)
A) a month before the war ended.
B) at the beginning of the war. C) as a response to the Emancipation
Proclamation.
D) to help in the attack on Gettysburg. E) in recognition that the idea of slavery was wrong.
What were Robert E. Lee’s purposes for launching his invasion North through Pennsylvania? (pg. 464)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Explain the results and significance of the Battle of Gettysburg: (pg. 464-66) ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Explain why the Union victory at Vicksburg was so important? What were the results. (pg. 467) ___________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________.
Explain the consequences of General William T. Sherman's style of warfare? (pg. 468) ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.
In the election of 1864, the Republicans joined with the prowar Democrats and founded the ________________________
party. (pg. 470-71)
Who was Abraham Lincoln's running mate in the 1864 election? (pg. 471) _____________________________________
In the l864 election, the Democratic party nominated ____________________ _________________________ to oppose
Lincoln's reelection. (pg. 471)
In what way was Sherman’s victory in Atlanta significant to the election of 1864? (pg. 472) _______________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Describe General Ulysses S. Grant's basic strategy in the Civil War (pg. 473) ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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During the Civil War, Grant lost one man to every ___ , and Lee lost one man to every ___. (pg. 473)
A) 10, 5
B) 5, 10
C) 5, 20
D) 2, 10
E) 5, 2
Why did many people in the South come to feel that the assassination of Abraham Lincoln was a calamity for the South?
(pg. 475)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________.
The Civil War resulted in which of the following? (pg. 476)
A) expanded federal powers of taxation
B) the end of nullification and secession
first federal social welfare agency
D) the end of slavery
E) all of the above
C) the creation of the
Essay Questions: You will be required to respond to one of these essay questions on the Exam
Which of the following do you think was the most significant battle of the Civil War: Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg?
Why?
The Civil War has also been called the “War Between the States” and the “War for Southern Independence.” Which of the
three titles do you find most fitting? Why?
Assess the validity of the following statement, “the Emancipation Proclamation was a proclamation without
emancipation.”
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