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Parts of Speech I. Nouns (N)- words that name people, places, things, or ideas SUBJECT A. Types 1. Common nouns - words that name any person, place, thing, or idea girl 2. boy state love Proper nouns - words that name a particular person, place, thing, or idea. They are always capitalized. Charlotte B. city John Atlanta Michigan God Number- amount 1. Singular - just one boy 2. church radio Plural - more than one (Pages 435-436) boys a. churches Rule #1 - To form the plural of most nouns, simply add s. girl-girls b. radios street-streets team-teams Rule #2 - If a noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z add es to make the noun plural. glass-glasses wish-wishes waltz-waltzes church-churches box-boxes * quiz-quizzes 1 * Denotes Exceptions c. Rule #3 - When the noun ends in o add s. studios radios sopranos Eskimos *potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes echo-echoes hero-heroes d. Rule #4 - When a noun ends in y with a vowel before the y, simply add s. toy-toys play-plays boy-boys When a noun ends in y with a consonant before the y, change the y to i and add es. pony-ponies candy-candies party-parties * money-monies e. Rule #5 - When the noun ends in f or fe add s. chief-chiefs chef-chefs dwarf-dwarfs * Sometimes the f or fe changes to v, then add es. knife-knives f. calf-calves Rule #6 - Some words are the same in both the singular and plural. deer-deer g. half-halves moose-moose sheep-sheep Rule #7 - Some nouns change spelling completely. man-men child-children 2 woman-women C. Possessive nouns - Show ownership 1. Singular possessive a. Rule #1 - To make a singular noun possessive add ‘s. girl’s doll 2. boy’s car child’s toy state’s water Plural possessive a. Rule #2 - To make a plural noun possessive that ends in s, add an apostrophe. the book of the boys the boys’ book b. Rule #3 - To make a plural noun possessive that doesn’t end in s add ‘s. the ties of the men the men’s ties Singular: Rule #1 - To make a singular noun possessive add ‘s. girl’s doll boy’s car child’s toy state’s water Plural: Rule #2 - To make a plural noun possessive that ends in s, add an apostrophe. the book of the boys the boys’ book Rule #3 - To make a plural noun possessive that doesn’t end in s add ‘s. the ties of the men the men’s ties 3 II. Verbs- words that show action or state of being A. B. C. Action (AV)- Show Action 1. Physical- run, jump 2. Mental- think, dream State of Being (SB)- forms of verb “be” am is are was were be been being Linking Verbs (LV)- Link the subject and the predicate together 1. Renaming the Subject- 2. Describing the Subject- look feel taste appear sound smell Student is the predicate noun (PN) Bald is the predicate adjective (PA) become remain seem (grow) *Some linking verbs can be action verbs *Sometimes state of being verbs will be linking verbs *Linking verbs are never state of being verbs 4 D. Auxiliary/Helping Verbs (Aux)- These are the 23 verbs on the list. In order to have an auxiliary verb, you must have at least 2 verbs- one following the other. Examples: Aux. M.A. have seen is finished has gone was fishing When your verb is written in this fashion, the first one will be auxiliary, the second will be main… E. Main Verbs (M)- When you have 2 or more verbs following each other, the last one will be main. *When have, has, or had are the only verb in the sentence, they will be labeled as main. 5 III. Adjectives (adj.)- words that describe nouns or pronouns. They answer the questions: Which one? this that red the a What kind? wool cotton How many? two three *The words a, an, and the are always adjectives and are called articles. IV. Adverbs (adv.)- words that describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They often end in –ly. They answer the questions: How? frequently slowly When? soon yesterday Where? there here out in To what extent? often very too 6 V. Pronouns (pr)- words that take the place of nouns. There are 6 types of pronouns. (Personal) A. Subject Pronouns- will hold the subject position in a sentence or will be a predicate noun/nominative (which renames the subject) (p. 448) I you he she it we you they B. Object Pronouns- will be used as direct objects, indirect objects or objects of prepositions (p. 450) me you him her it us you them C. Possessive Pronouns- used to show ownership. In a sentence they will normally be used as adjectives. (p.452) my,mine your, yours his her,hers its our, ours your, yours their, theirs 7 VI. Conjunctions (conj.)- connecting words and A. VII. but or neither-nor either-or Types 1. Coordinating Conjunctions Used for creating compound subjects, predicates, and sentences Commonly referred to as FANBOYS; For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Prepositional Phrases- A. Prepositions- words that indicate relationship (list on pg. 545) 1. You cannot have a preposition without an object. The object will be a noun or a pronoun 2. The preposition + its object makes up a prepositional phrase at the movies = prepositional phrase prep. 3. N O.P. Prepositional phrases act as adjectives or adverbs. prep. O.P. N L.V. Pred. Adj. The ride at the carnival was scary. 8 VIII. Interjection-- an interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion. It has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. It is punctuated by an exclamation point, or when using less emotion, a comma. Ugh! There’s a skunk somewhere! Wonderful! We can go! Hey! Be careful of that wire! Aw, it wasn’t anything. Well, I guess that’s that. IX. Direct Objects (D.O.)- a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb 1. The direct object answers the questions Who? or What? about the verb. 2. Must have an action verb * Have, has, and had may possess a direct object X. Indirect Objects (I.O.)- a noun or a pronoun that tells to whom or for whom something was done. 1. You cannot have an indirect object without a direct object; therefore, in order to have an I.O., you must have an action verb 2. The preposition plus its object makes a prepositional phrase FIVE Positions a noun/pronoun can hold in a sentence: 1. Subject 9 2. Predicate Noun 3. Object of a preposition 4. Direct object 5. Indirect object The, A, An are noun determiners/articles because they determine that a noun is coming up in the sentence 10