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Parts of Speech
I.
Nouns (N)- words that name people, places, things, or ideas SUBJECT
A.
Types
1.
Common nouns - words that name any person, place, thing, or idea
girl
2.
boy
state
love
Proper nouns - words that name a particular person, place, thing, or idea.
They are always capitalized.
Charlotte
B.
city
John
Atlanta
Michigan
God
Number- amount
1.
Singular - just one
boy
2.
church
radio
Plural - more than one (Pages 435-436)
boys
a.
churches
Rule #1 - To form the plural of most nouns, simply add s.
girl-girls
b.
radios
street-streets
team-teams
Rule #2 - If a noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z add es to make the noun
plural.
glass-glasses
wish-wishes
waltz-waltzes
church-churches
box-boxes
* quiz-quizzes
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* Denotes Exceptions
c.
Rule #3 - When the noun ends in o add s.
studios
radios
sopranos
Eskimos
*potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes
echo-echoes
hero-heroes
d.
Rule #4 - When a noun ends in y with a vowel before the y, simply add
s.
toy-toys
play-plays
boy-boys
When a noun ends in y with a consonant before the y, change the y to i
and add es.
pony-ponies
candy-candies
party-parties
* money-monies
e.
Rule #5 - When the noun ends in f or fe add s.
chief-chiefs
chef-chefs
dwarf-dwarfs
* Sometimes the f or fe changes to v, then add es.
knife-knives
f.
calf-calves
Rule #6 - Some words are the same in both the singular and plural.
deer-deer
g.
half-halves
moose-moose
sheep-sheep
Rule #7 - Some nouns change spelling completely.
man-men
child-children
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woman-women
C.
Possessive nouns - Show ownership
1.
Singular possessive
a.
Rule #1 - To make a singular noun possessive add ‘s.
girl’s doll
2.
boy’s car
child’s toy
state’s water
Plural possessive
a.
Rule #2 - To make a plural noun possessive that ends in s, add an
apostrophe.
the book of the boys  the boys’ book
b.
Rule #3 - To make a plural noun possessive that
doesn’t end in s add ‘s.
the ties of the men  the men’s ties
Singular:
Rule #1 - To make a singular noun possessive add ‘s.
girl’s doll
boy’s car
child’s toy
state’s water
Plural:
Rule #2 - To make a plural noun possessive that ends in s, add an apostrophe.
the book of the boys  the boys’ book
Rule #3 - To make a plural noun possessive that doesn’t end in s add ‘s.
the ties of the men  the men’s ties
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II.
Verbs- words that show action or state of being
A.
B.
C.
Action (AV)- Show Action
1.
Physical- run, jump
2.
Mental- think, dream
State of Being (SB)- forms of verb “be”
am is
are was were be been being
Linking Verbs (LV)- Link the subject and the predicate together
1.
Renaming the Subject-
2.
Describing the Subject-
look
feel
taste
appear
sound
smell
Student is the
predicate noun
(PN)
Bald is the
predicate adjective
(PA)
become
remain
seem
(grow)
*Some linking verbs can be action verbs
*Sometimes state of being verbs will be linking verbs
*Linking verbs are never state of being verbs
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D.
Auxiliary/Helping Verbs (Aux)- These are the 23 verbs on the list. In order to have
an auxiliary verb, you must have at least 2 verbs- one following the other.
Examples:
Aux.
M.A.
have seen
is finished
has gone
was fishing
When your verb is written in this fashion, the first one will be auxiliary, the
second will be main…
E.
Main Verbs (M)- When you have 2 or more verbs following each other, the last one
will be main.
*When have, has, or had are the only verb in the sentence, they will
be labeled as main.
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III.
Adjectives (adj.)- words that describe nouns or pronouns. They answer the questions:
Which one?
this that red the a
What kind?
wool cotton
How many?
two three
*The words a, an, and the are always adjectives and are called articles.
IV.
Adverbs (adv.)- words that describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They often end
in –ly. They answer the questions:
How?
frequently slowly
When?
soon yesterday
Where?
there here out in
To what extent?
often very too
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V.
Pronouns (pr)- words that take the place of nouns. There are 6 types of pronouns.
(Personal)
A.
Subject Pronouns- will hold the subject position in a sentence or will be a predicate
noun/nominative (which renames the subject)
(p. 448)
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
B.
Object Pronouns- will be used as direct objects, indirect objects or objects of
prepositions
(p. 450)
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
C.
Possessive Pronouns- used to show ownership. In a sentence they will normally
be used as adjectives.
(p.452)
my,mine
your, yours
his
her,hers
its
our, ours
your, yours
their, theirs
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VI.
Conjunctions (conj.)- connecting words
and
A.
VII.
but
or
neither-nor
either-or
Types
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Used for creating compound subjects, predicates, and sentences
Commonly referred to as FANBOYS; For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Prepositional Phrases-
A.
Prepositions- words that indicate relationship (list on pg. 545)
1.
You cannot have a preposition without an object. The object will be a noun or
a pronoun
2.
The preposition + its object makes up a prepositional phrase
at the movies = prepositional phrase
prep.
3.
N
O.P.
Prepositional phrases act as adjectives or adverbs.
prep.
O.P.
N
L.V.
Pred. Adj.
The ride at the carnival was scary.
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VIII.
Interjection-- an interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion. It has no
grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. It is punctuated by an exclamation
point, or when using less emotion, a comma.
Ugh! There’s a skunk somewhere!
Wonderful! We can go!
Hey! Be careful of that wire!
Aw, it wasn’t anything.
Well, I guess that’s that.
IX.
Direct Objects (D.O.)- a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb
1.
The direct object answers the questions Who? or What? about the verb.
2.
Must have an action verb
* Have, has, and had may possess a direct object
X.
Indirect Objects (I.O.)- a noun or a pronoun that tells to whom or for whom something was
done.
1.
You cannot have an indirect object without a direct object; therefore, in order to
have an I.O., you must have an action verb
2.
The preposition plus its object makes a prepositional phrase
FIVE Positions a noun/pronoun can hold in a sentence:
1. Subject
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2. Predicate Noun
3. Object of a preposition
4. Direct object
5.
Indirect object
The, A, An are noun determiners/articles because they determine that a noun is coming up in the sentence
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