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Kingdom Monera : Introduction A) Prokaryotic Cell Vs. Eukaryotic Cells Feature Nucleus/Nucleolus Prokaryotes None Eukaryotes Present Size (diameter) 1-10 um 10-100um Membrane Bound Organelles None Present Cell Division Binary Fission Mitosis - Chemical reactions needed by the cell occur in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell. - In Eukaryotic cells, these reactions occur in the organelles, where all needed materials are stored. - As a result of their unorganized cellular reactions, Prokaryotes are not as metabolically efficient as eukaryotes. - All Prokaryotic organisms belong to one Kingdom : Monera (Now classified into two kingdoms) : A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria B) Characteristics of Kingdom Monera 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Smallest living things made of cells. 3. Most are single-celled (unicellular). Some live in colonies (groups) 4. Vary widely in shape (and size) - 3 main shapes Coccus (spherical), Spirillum (spiral), and Bacillus (rod-shaped). 5. Some move with flagella others are at the mercy of water currents. 6. Some make their own food (autotrophic : self-nourishers) others must eat or absorb pre-made food (heterotrophic : feed on others) - Some of these heterotrophs live on dead organic material. These organisms are classified as being SAPROPHYTIC heterotrophs. - Other heterotrophs absorb nutrients from a living host. These organisms are classified as being PARASITIC heterotrophs. - Any parasitic bacteria that causes a disease is classified as a PATHOGEN. C) Bacterial Structure and Function: A Typical Moneran shown below: a) Cell Wall: Gives the Moneran protection and shape. b) Cell Membrane: Control which substances enter and leave the cell. c) DNA: Set of instructions on how to build and control cells by making various types of proteins. Sits naked as a "nucleoid" d) Cytoplasm: Jelly like substance in the cell which contains liquids, nutrients and gases needed by the cell to run various chemical reactions. e) Flagellum (flagella) : Whip-like tail for movement, NOT present on all bacterial cells. f) Pilus (pilli) : Hairlike appendages used to help bacteria adhere (stick) to other cells. D) Classifying The Monerans We will look at three Phyla 1. Eubacteria (“True Bacteria”) – Now its own kingdom 2. Cyanobacteria (Blue-green Bacteria) 3. Archaebacteria (“Ancient Bacteria”) – Now its own kingdom. 1. Eubacteria: - These true bacteria, have the characteristics common to the typical moneran described earlier. 2. Cyanobacteria: -Produce their own food (autotrophic) by photosynthesis. - Many are blue-green, but others are yellow, brown or red; depending on what type of pigment they use to capture sunlight. - Form base of many aquatic food chains. 3. Archaebacteria: - Bacteria that require extremely harsh environmental conditions. -Thrive in such conditions as: salty, low pH, or high temperature - One group (methanogens) produce methane gas and are used in sewage treatment processes. Ex. Methanosarcina Colony Of Methanosarcina Black Smoker Environment E) Identifying Bacteria: 1. Gram Negative Bacteria - Most have thinner cell walls susceptible to breaking. - Turn pink when adding red dye (safranine), they do not absorb purple dye (crystal violet) Ex. E-coli Ex. Veillonella - Common in the intestinal tract - Main component of dental plaque 2. Gram Positive Bacteria - Most have a thicker rigid multi-layered cell wall. - Absorb and retain dark purple stain (crystal violet). - Common to soil, skin and mucous membranes. Ex. Streptococcus - Common types of streptococcus cause a number of diseases: scarlet fever, pharyngitis (sore throat), pneumonia etc. - Produce toxins that destroy phagocytes. - Release enzymes to digest the body’s connective tissues to spread infection. 3. Wall-less Prokaryotes - Smallest monerans - No cell wall, only a cell membrane. - No definite shape Ex. Mycoplasmas (mike-o-plz-maz)