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Joints and Fractures Flashcards 1. Define Comminuted fracture 2. Define Greenstick fracture 3. What is an epiphyseal fracture? 4. What fracture is the least serious? Describe. 5. What type of fracture is when the bone does not break through the skin? 6. What type of fracture is when the bone breaks through the skin? 7. Which fractures require hospitalization with IV antibiotics? 8. What is an avulsion fracture? 9. What is an impacted fracture? 10. Define COMPRESSION fracture 11. What is a depression fracture? 12. What is the main thing that stabilizes the hip joint? 13. Why do ligaments take a long time to heal if torn? 14. What is a tear in a ligament is called? 15. What is a tear in a muscle called? 16. What will heal faster – a sprain or strain? 17. What are MENISCI and what type of tissue are they? Comminuted: bone shatters into many small pieces (at least 3). Bone graft might be needed. Greenstick: Breaks on one side, bowstrings on other. Most common in children; like breaking a green twig, it’s not completely broken. Bones in children are not fully mineralized. Epiphyseal: break occurs across epiphyseal plate; usually causes the bone to grow crooked. Stress fracture: tiny, almost invisible breaks on outer surface on shaft/bone. Usually from overexertion. Simple (closed) fracture Compound (open) fracture: Bone breaks and goes through skin. Increased chance of infections, which can be life-threatening. Compound (open) A strong muscle contraction pulls a piece of bone off where the muscle attaches to that bone. Example is a groin injury with avulsion fracture Pressure was exerted on both ends of the SAME bone. Often seen in femur after falling from a height. Compression: TWO bones are forced together, and bone is crushed, like the vertebrae in osteoporosis. When a blunt object crushes a bone, depressing it, such as skull fracture. The ligaments around the head of the femur (not the little one on the fovea capitis). Take a long time to heal because they do not have blood vessels of their own, like bones do. They already have enough fibroblasts and collagen, though, so they eventually can heal. A torn ligament is a sprain. A torn muscle is a strain A strain will heal faster because it has a better blood supply Fibrocartilage Menisci are fibrocartilage pads in some joints ( knee). Acts as a guide for movement of joints to prevent unwanted movement such as lateral movement in the knee. (Common injury) Joints and Fractures Flashcards 18. In the knee joint, what are the main ligaments that keep the knee from moving medially to laterally? 19. Define BURSA and its function 20. What’s an inflamed bursa called? The collateral ligaments A bursa is a sack of synovial fluid that does not need to be attached to any bone. Bursitis 21. Name the 3 Types of ARTHRITIS ARTHRITIS: (“itis” means inflammation; “artho” we discussed means joint). 1. OSTEOARTHRITIS 2. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 3. GOUTY ARTHRITIS 22. What is osteoarthritis? A chronic disorder of joints in which the articular cartilages degenerate and bony spurs form 23. Which type of arthritis is characterized by OSTEOARTHRITIS bone spurs? What is known as “wear and tear” arthritis? OSTEOARTHRITIS What is the most common disorder of joints? 24. What causes RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS? Is it characterized by bone spurs (proliferative in nature) or is it degenerative in nature? 25. What causes GOUTY ARTHRITIS (gout). What triggers it? What is the process where gout leads to pain? Is gout known for producing bone spurs? 26. What is Osteomalacia? 27. What part of children’s bones are affected by osteomalacia? OSTEOARTHRITIS RA is not a disease of old age. It’s an autoimmune disease where body attacks and destroys the cartilage in synovial joints. It does NOT make many bone spurs; it is degenerative in nature. Gout is a genetic error in the metabolism of uric acid. An episode is triggered by eating too much red meat or protein. The breakdown product of proteins is urea, which leads to uric acid crystals in the cooler areas of the body, especially the MPJ’s (metatarsal-phalengeal joints) of the base of the big toes. The crystals poke the cartilage like needles. **Gout is not known for spur formation, unlike osteoarthritis. Osteomalacia (“malformed bones”; Osteo= bone; mal=bone) a genetic malformation of the bones.Rickets is a type of osteomalacia caused by lack of vitamin D (not genetic). All types of Osteomalacia particularly affect the epiphyseal plates (children). Joints and Fractures Flashcards 28. Define Achondroplasia 29. Define Chondromalacia 30. What are the three characteristics of Paget’s disease? 31. What type of arthritis causes the vertebrae to bind strongly together, limiting the flexibility of the spine? Achondroplasia is a genetic condition where the bones don’t develop properly and causes a type of dwarfism. The epiphyseal plates are affected Chondromalacia is a condition in which the patella rubs on the femur in the knee joint. excessive bone deposition (extra bone forms outside of joint). More common in older persons, and may be related to a viral infection. Ankylosing Spondylitis