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Name:______________________________________________________ Period:_____ Date:____________
Chapter 22: The Age of Nation States
The Crimean War (1853-1856)
 The Crimean War grew out of the rivalry between the __________________ and Russia. A
war among the major European states ensued with France and Britain declaring war on
Russia, and Austria and Prussia remaining neutral. Russia fell to the French and British, who
settled the matter in 1856 at the _______________________.
 The Crimean War broke the ___________________________, and marked a new era in
European politics.
Italian Unification
 Nationalist hoped for Italian unification, but Italian statesmen disagreed about how to
accomplish it.
 Romantic republican nationalism was led by Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872), who founded
the ___________________ Society to drive Austria from the peninsula. Mazzini and
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) led insurrections in the 1830’s through the 1850s.
 Between 1852 and 1860 led by the prime minister of Piedmont, Count Camillo Cavour, Italy
was transformed into a nation-state governed by a _____________________ monarchy led
by Victor Emanuel II.
 Full unification remained elusive because of internal social, political and economic divisions.
German Unification
 The construction of a unified Germany was one of the most important political developments
in Europe between 1848 and 1914, because it altered the international balance of power.
 In 1862, William I of Prussia turned to Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who moved against
the liberal Parliament and sought support for _________________ Germany through a war
with Denmark.
 Bismarck supported the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein in their efforts to avoid getting
incorporated. Together, Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark in 1864, which elevated
Bismarck’s ________________ and led to a conflict between the two countries in 1865.
 Bismarck then provoked war with Austria over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein.
The Seven Weeks War led to the defeat of Austria in 1866 and established _____________
as the only major power among the German states. In 1867, the North German Confederation
formed, with Bismarck representing the King of Prussia as President. Germany had become a
military monarchy, crushing Prussian liberalism.
 The Franco-Prussian War(1870-1871) enabled Bismarck to bring the states of southern
Germany into the confederation. Bismarck orchestrated the war by provoking France against
Prussia, and the southern German states joined Prussia against Napoleon III armies. The
_______________ beat the _____________ army, captured Napoleon III, besieged Paris and
proclaimed the German Empire.
France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
 Napoleon III turned to liberal domestic reform because of _____________ foreign
adventures – the Crimean War, invasion of Mexico, and eventually the Franco-Prussian War
 The provinces and Paris differed on how to handle a settlement with the Prussians. The
National Assembly was dominated by ____________ and led by Adolphe Thiers, who
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agreed in the Treaty of Frankfurt that France would pay an indemnity, and the Prussians
would occupy France until it was __________. Alsace and part of Lorraine were granted to
the Prussians.
Parisians who had suffered under the Prussian siege _______ against the Treaty of Frankfurt,
and elected a new, short-lived municipal government on March 28, 1871, called the Paris
Commune, that was created to administer Paris separately from the rest of France. On May
8, the National Assembly bombarded the city and broke through defenses on May 21. Troops
restored order to Paris, killing 20,000 Parisians in the process and ending the ____________.
In 1875, the National Assembly adopted a new republican political system that provided for a
chamber of deputies elected by universal _________ suffrage, a senate chosen indirectly, and
_____________ elected by the two legislative houses. Following the 1879 resignation of
President Marshal MacMahon, Republicans gained control of the national government.
The Dreyfus Affair, a case involving the trumped up case of a ___________ captain, was
the major crisis. It uncovered the deep ideological differences in France between liberals and
conservatives as well as the strong anti-Semitism that existed in France.
The Habsburg Empire
 The Habsburg domains had remained primarily absolutist after the revolutions of 1848; the
empire remained ____________ in its political, social and economic foundations
 The 1861, Francis Joseph issues the February Patent, which set up a bicameral imperial
parliament of Reichsrat, with an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and an indirectly
elected lower chamber. The ________________ refused to recognize this system, but the
February Patent ruled the empire for six years. In 1867, Francis Joseph transformed the
Habsburg Empire into Austria-Hungary to satisfy the desires of Magyars to maintain their
lands separately from Austria while sharing the same monarch.
 The unrest of the many nationalities in the Habsburg Empire caused _______________
throughout Europe.
Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings
 __________________ restructured Russian society after Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War,
ushering in some of the much-needed reforms, including the abolition of serfdom in 1861.
Alexander II became known as the Tsar Liberator, but he was never popular with his
____________ subjects, who resented his control over policy.
 In the 1870s, young Russian drew on the ideas of Alexander Herzen and formed the
Populism Movement, which sought social revolution based on the communal life of the
Russian _____________.
 Alexander the II was ___________________ and liberal reforms were stopped by his
successor – Alexander III
Great Britain: Toward Democracy
 Britain took a step toward _________________ in the reform bill sponsored by Benjamin
Disraeli (1804-1881), a House of Commons leader, in 1867. By the time the measure had
passed the number of voters had been almost ______________ from 1,430,000 to
2,470,000.
 William Gladstone ushered in many liberal reforms, including opening more institutions to
the public and people from other classes and religious denominations. The Education Act of
1870 made the government responsible for administering _________________ schools.
 The Irish question ________________ political negotiations in Parliament.