Download Physiology Exemplar answers 2012 PEO for students

Acute (short term) physiological responses to exercise.
1. _____Increased Heart Rate____________
Muscles need to be supplied with oxygen to fuel muscle contraction and allow movement.
When we participate in a physical activity such as mountain biking, the demand for oxygen
from muscles increases as we are moving more and therefore use our muscles more.
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to our body and muscles and the right
side pumps the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to get re-oxygenated. Oxygenated
blood collects in the left atrium of the heart. Once full, it empties out into the left ventricle,
which works as a pump to get the blood out to the working body cells that require it via the
aorta. At this point the oxygen is transferred into the body cells and is replaced by carbon
dioxide. This carbon dioxide needs to be disposed of so it travels to the right atrium via the
vena cava where it collects. When full, it empties out into the right ventricle which again
works as a pump to get the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. At this point the
CO2 is exchanged for oxygen. This oxygenated blood then goes to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein and the cycle continues.
When we are participating in mountain biking and using our muscles more our heart has to
pump the blood to our body faster so that we are able to be physically active for longer. It
does this by increasing the heart rate which is the number of times the heart beats in a
minute. Also the heart beats faster to remove the CO2 from the deoxygenated blood quicker
so it can be re-oxygenated. This is why our heart rate increases when participating in
mountain biking.
2. _____Increased Stroke Volume_________
Muscles need to be supplied with oxygen to fuel muscle contraction and allow movement.
When we participate in a physical activity such as mountain biking, the demand for oxygen
from muscles increases as we are moving more and therefore use our muscles more.
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to our body and muscles and the right
side pumps the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to get re-oxygenated. Oxygenated
blood collects in the left atrium of the heart. Once full, it empties out into the left ventricle,
which works as a pump to get the blood out to the working body cells that require it via the
aorta. At this point the oxygen is transferred into the body cells and is replaced by carbon
dioxide. This carbon dioxide needs to be disposed of so it travels to the right atrium via the
vena cava where it collects. When full, it empties out into the right ventricle which again
works as a pump to get the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. At this point the
CO2 is exchanged for oxygen. This oxygenated blood then goes to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein and the cycle continues.
When we are participating in mountain biking and using our muscles more our heart has to
pump the blood to our body faster so that we are able to be physically active for longer. It
does this by increasing the stroke volume which is the volume of blood that is pumped out
of the heart each beat. This allows more blood to be pushed to the working muscles with
each beat, ensuring oxygenated blood is transported to the working muscles faster and
deoxygenated blood is transported to the lungs to be re-oxygenated faster. This is why our
stroke volume increases when participating in mountain biking.
3. _____Increased Blood pressure__________
Muscles need to be supplied with oxygen to fuel muscle contraction and allow movement.
When we participate in a physical activity such as mountain biking, the demand for oxygen
from muscles increases as we are moving more and therefore use our muscles more.
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to our body and muscles and the right
side pumps the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to get re-oxygenated. Oxygenated
blood collects in the left atrium of the heart. Once full, it empties out into the left ventricle,
which works as a pump to get the blood out to the working body cells that require it via the
aorta. At this point the oxygen is transferred into the body cells and is replaced by carbon
dioxide. This carbon dioxide needs to be disposed of so it travels to the right atrium via the
vena cava where it collects. When full, it empties out into the right ventricle which again
works as a pump to get the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. At this point the
CO2 is exchanged for oxygen. This oxygenated blood then goes to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein and the cycle continues.
When we are participating in mountain biking and using our muscles more our heart has to
pump the blood to our body faster so that we are able to be physically active for longer.
Because stroke volume and heart rate increases to deliver the higher demand for oxygen to
the working muscles, the blood pressure in the blood vessels is also increased. As more
blood is pushed through them it exerts a higher pressure force on the walls of the blood
vessels, in particular the arteries. This is why our blood pressure increases when
participating in mountain biking.
4. _____Increased Breathing Rate__________
During mountain biking, our breathing rate (respiration) increases so that the muscles and
cells can get more oxygen to use as fuel for energy.
Oxygen is transported into the body via the mouth and nasal cavity. It travels down past the
pharynx and larynx through the trachea. The trachea then branches off in to the left and
right bronchi which enter each lung. The bronchi then further branch off into bronchioles. At
the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli. This is where oxygen is
transferred into the blood via capillaries which surround the alveoli. Carbon dioxide is also
transferred here from the capillaries into the alveoli; it then follows the same pathway but in
reverse until it is breathed out of the body.
When we are participating in mountain biking and using our muscles more they require
more oxygen to use as a fuel to create energy. Therefore, our lungs need to take in more
oxygen so that we are able to be physically active for longer. It does this by increasing the
breathing rate which is the number of breaths in a minute. Also the breathing rate is faster to
remove the waste product CO2 from the body quicker. This is why our breathing rate
increases when participating in mountain biking.
5. _____Increased Tidal Volume__________
During mountain biking, our breathing rate (respiration) increases so that the muscles and
cells can get more oxygen to use as fuel for energy.
Oxygen is transported into the body via the mouth and nasal cavity. It travels down past the
pharynx and larynx through the trachea. The trachea then branches off in to the left and
right bronchi which enter each lung. The bronchi then further branch off into bronchioles. At
the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli. This is where oxygen is
transferred into the blood via capillaries which surround the alveoli. Carbon dioxide is also
transferred here from the capillaries into the alveoli; it then follows the same pathway but in
reverse until it is breathed out of the body.
When we are participating in mountain biking and using our muscles more they require
more oxygen to use as a fuel to create energy. Therefore, our lungs need to take in more
oxygen so that we are able to be physically active for longer. It does this by increasing the
tidal volume which is the volume of air that is taken in or out in each breath. This allows
more oxygen to be taken into the lungs and carbon dioxide to be taken out of the lungs with
each breath. Ensuring oxygen is transported to the working muscles faster and carbon
dioxide is removed from the body faster. This is why our tidal volume increases when
participating in mountain biking.
6. _____Increased body temperature__________
When we participate in a physical activity such as mountain biking, our body temperature
increases as we are moving more and therefore use our muscles more.
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to our body and muscles and the right
side pumps the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to get re-oxygenated. Oxygenated
blood collects in the left atrium of the heart. Once full, it empties out into the left ventricle,
which works as a pump to get the blood out to the working body cells that require it via the
aorta. At this point the oxygen is transferred into the body cells and is replaced by carbon
dioxide. This carbon dioxide needs to be disposed of so it travels to the right atrium via the
vena cava where it collects. When full, it empties out into the right ventricle which again
works as a pump to get the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. At this point the
CO2 is exchanged for oxygen. This oxygenated blood then goes to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein and the cycle continues.
When our muscles use oxygen to produce energy a by-product of this chemical reaction is
heat. Blood containing this heat is transported through the cardiovascular system to the
surface of our body to radiate out to the environment via capillaries (This is why our skin
looks red when we exercise). Our bodies also release liquids (salty water) know as sweat
onto the surface of the skin which evaporates taking heat with it. These systems remove the
heat from our body into the environment which cools us down. As a result, we do not
overheat and therefore are able to keep working.
Chronic (long term) physiological responses to exercise.
1. ______Cardiac Hypertrophy_____________
During mountain biking, our heart rate and stroke volume increases so that the muscles and
cells can get more oxygen. By carrying-out an aerobic training programme our heart
becomes more efficient.
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to our body and muscles and the right
side pumps the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to get re-oxygenated. Oxygenated
blood collects in the left atrium of the heart. Once full, it empties out into the left ventricle,
which works as a pump to get the blood out to the working body cells that require it via the
aorta. At this point the oxygen is transferred into the body cells and is replaced by carbon
dioxide. This carbon dioxide needs to be disposed of so it travels to the right atrium via the
vena cava where it collects. When full, it empties out into the right ventricle which again
works as a pump to get the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. At this point the
CO2 is exchanged for oxygen. This oxygenated blood then goes to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein and the cycle continues.
By carrying out an aerobic training programme, the heart (cardiac muscle) undergoes heart
hypertrophy which is an increase in the size of the heart. Therefore stroke volume
increases, meaning we can pump out more blood with each beat. The result is that,
because the heart is more efficient, it doesn’t have to pump as fast during mountain biking.
This means that it won’t fatigue as fast and will be able to perform for longer and ride more
difficult trails.
2. ______Increased lung capacity___________
During mountain biking, our breathing rate and tidal volume (respiration) increases so that
the muscles and cells can get more oxygen. By carrying-out an aerobic training programme
our lungs become more efficient.
Oxygen is transported into the body via the mouth and nasal cavity. It travels down past the
pharynx and larynx through the trachea. The trachea then branches off in to the left and
right bronchi which enter each lung. The bronchi then further branch off into bronchioles. At
the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli. This is where oxygen is
transferred into the blood via capillaries which surround the alveoli. Carbon dioxide is also
transferred here from the capillaries into the alveoli; it then follows the same pathway but in
reverse until it is breathed out of the body.
By carrying out an aerobic training programme, the respiratory muscles get stronger and
don’t fatigue as fast, therefore tidal volume increases meaning we can breathe in more
oxygen with each breath and we can continue this increased breathing depth for longer.
This means total lung capacity increases as more oxygen is inspired and carbon dioxide is
expired. The result is that, because the lungs are more efficient, we don’t have to breathe as
fast during mountain biking. This means that we won’t get puffed out as easily and will be
able to perform for longer and ride more difficult trails.
3. ______Decrease in body fat___________
When we participate in a physical activity such as mountain biking, our muscles use oxygen
to produce energy. By carrying-out an aerobic training programme the levels of fat in our
body reduces as we require fat as a fuel to convert oxygen into energy for aerobic exercise.
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to our body and muscles and the right
side pumps the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to get re-oxygenated. Oxygenated
blood collects in the left atrium of the heart. Once full, it empties out into the left ventricle,
which works as a pump to get the blood out to the working body cells that require it via the
aorta. At this point the oxygen is transferred into the body cells and is replaced by carbon
dioxide. This carbon dioxide needs to be disposed of so it travels to the right atrium via the
vena cava where it collects. When full, it empties out into the right ventricle which again
works as a pump to get the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. At this point the
CO2 is exchanged for oxygen. This oxygenated blood then goes to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein and the cycle continues.
Our aerobic energy system will draw upon the stored fat in our bodies to use as a fuel to
produce the chemical reaction required to convert oxygen into energy. This means that if a
constant diet of the same fat intake is consumed during an aerobic training programme,
stored fat levels will drop, reducing the total level of fat in the body.