Download biomimicry techniques

biomimicry techniques.
There is an international conference that has been called to promote research in
biomimicry that will have applications in genetic engineering and in
biotechnology.
The research and Development Corporation uses biomimicry thechniques
to look for antibiotics produced by fungi .You have been asked to present at
conference.
You have been asked to discover about biomimicry techniques.
What implication(s) does this have for our species? How does this alter
our thinking of the way we categorize organisms? Are we the first species
in history to be directing our own evolution ? What are the implications for the
pharmaceutical companies? Does that place the pharmaceutical
companies in the position of being able to engineer and control human life ?
You have been asked to discover about biomimicry techniques.
Solution:
Title:
Biomimicry techniques to Production of penicillin for human bacterial
infection
Aim:
Production of penicillin using recombinant technology and used as antibiotics for
human bacterial infection
Abstract:
Fungus makes penicillin for antibacterial purpose, here using the biomimicry techniques
produced penicillin is used for human bacterial infection. Recombinant technology is
used to production of penicillin or recombinant plasmid which contains gene targeting to
produce penicillin antibiotic. Resistance can also occur if a patient stops taking the
medication once the symptoms disappear, or if the prescribed cure is too weak. To
overcome all these problem penicillin producing gene itself used as an agent to produce
antibiotic with proper harmless vector inside the human body.
Introduction:
Biomimicry and "Natural Capitalism" are other terms that describe a similar approach
to creating products that work with nature. It is the science of studying functional systems
in nature and implementing or borrowing these features for human technology. It can aid
in the solving of new design problems or in the optimization of current technologies.
Since natural systems are highly optimized for their purposes/functionality due to the
constraint of survivability, it makes sense for human engineers to seek design hints from
pre-existing natural solutions. Here we consider the roles of antibiotics, with special
focus on the clinically useful antibiotics that are used to control bacterial infections in
humans.
The antibacterial effect of penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929. He
noted that a fungal colony had grown as a contaminant on an agar plate streaked with the
bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and that the bacterial colonies around the fungus were
transparent, because their cells were lysing. Fleming had devoted much of his career to
finding methods for treating wound infections, and immediately recognised the
importance of a fungal metabolite that might be used to control bacteria. The substance
was named penicillin, because the fungal contaminant was identified as Penicillium
notatum.
Penicillin has an interesting mode of action: it prevents the cross-linking of small peptide
chains in peptidoglycan, the main wall polymer of bacteria. Pre-existing cells are
unaffected, but all newly produced cells grow abnormally, unable to maintain their wall
rigidity, and they are susceptible to osmotic lysis.
Materials and methods:
Penicillium notatum
E.coli vector
Restriction enzymes
Water
Oligonucleotides (dNTPs)
Primer
Taq enzyme
Mice
Methods:
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Gene of interest is isolated from fungus genome using PCR, and isolated gene
(Penecillin producing) is amplified using PCR.
Plasmid is isolated from vector and digested using restriction enzymes as well as
using the same restriction enzymes isolated target gene also digested.
Using alkaline phosphatase vector is prevented from self ligation.
Restricted target gene is incubated with vector in the presence of taq DNA
polymerase.
Recombinant Plasmid is isolated and screened for confirmation.
Using recombinant plasmid we can go for protein expression, so that we can get
the penicillin product (antibiotic).
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We can use E.coli (harmless) as an expression system in invivo to produce
antibiotics for bacteria.
Through gene therapy we can modify the human genome filled with penicillin
gene to resist against bacteria.
Results:
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Isolated Target gene is checked with ladder for confirmation
Recombinant plasmid is screened and checked with target gene as well as
digested plasmid
Recombinant plasmid is immunized in mice to check antibiotic activity for
future purpose.
Recombinant plasmids are used in human body to synthesize antibiotic as in
the case of natural fungus antibiotic expression system.
Conclusion:
In mice recombinant plasmid can produce antibiotic for anti bacterial activity. Immune
cells and memory cells are produced in mice. Differences in interferon substances are
identified. Increase in immunity, so we can come to a conclusion that organism is got
resisted for bacteria.
Human body also gets immunized with recombinant plasmid. Increase in no of
immune cells and interferons indicate that body gets resisted for bacterial infection
through antibiotic penicillin naturally as in the case of fungus.
Using expression vector antibiotic is produced in invitro and used an antibiotic
to resist for bacteria.
We can produce transgenic organism so that we can get immunized for target
microorganism.
What implication(s) does this have for our species?
If we produce transgenic organism against for a microbe, that character will transfer to
the next generation, because genome of that organism is changed. Sure that transgenic
animal will have foreign gene from other species, so based on the function we can
rename the species that as a transgenic one. Different characters from different species
we can merge. So we can have well adapted, resisted organisms.
Are we the first species in history to be directing our own evolution
?
Yes. Exactly! We can direct our evolutionary path like as we like. Producing DNA
vaccines, producing transgenic animals, getting immunization for microbes, transgenic
human being to transfer the target gene to the next generation, so these are all the
methods and techniques we are using to survive and get adaptation so we can change our
evolution by our own.
Genetic engineering is an excellent tool through which we can modify the genome
of an organism, so that we can generate the modified offspring. For example….
Transgenic animals, i.e., engineered to carry genes from other species, have the
potential to improve human welfare. The underlying principle in the production of
transgenic animals is the introduction of a foreign gene or genes into an animal (the
inserted genes are called transgenes). The foreign genes "must be transmitted through the
germ line, so that every cell, including germ cells, of the animal contains the same
modified genetic material.
Transgenic human also created using appropriate technique.
Methods to transfer target gene are:
1.
2.
3.
DNA Microinjection
Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
What are the implications for the pharmaceutical companies?
This sophisticated and expensive technological capability makes it difficult for new
competitors to enter the field. If that is a well organized company with good infra
structure they can manage. "Initially the investment in operating this way is higher but in
the long run we have no doubt this is the only way to operate.
If we can produce transgenic organism, we need not go for medicine which is
available in pharmacies. Pharmaceutical companies need not go for production of drugs
instead of this they cay can start synthesize DNA vaccines for immunization. DNA
vaccines will be high cost one when compare to drugs, but once an organism gets
immunized that person need not go for subsequent vaccination. So even though, they can
earn through vaccine that will not give that much of profit as in the case drugs.
Biomimicry products will help us to get immunization for bacterial infection. So
we need not go for allopathic medicines. For that company has to invest more when
compare to medicine production. Here they have to go for biotechnological process and
recombinant technology also.
There couldn't be a better case for sustainable business and profits going together!
Does that place the pharmaceutical companies in the position of
being able to engineer and control human life ?
Pharmaceutical companies can produce products for biomimicry process, but it’s a high
cost one, so company has to invest more. There couldn't be a better case for sustainable
business also. If the products are synthesized sure that influence will be on human life.
Through cloning we can produce the whole organism as in the case of natural one. In
which target genes are inserted to produce target substances, so transgenic organisms will
have influence in human life, and we can produce fittest organism for our environment.
Today private companies pay for the bulk of clinical research on new drugs,
medicines and devices. They hire private companies to run their studies and to review
them. Buying of the products may high, so that people may suffer. Biomimicry
techniques are the best one, and it may not have side effect also. Sure that biotechnology
will use for human welfare and controls the human life. Different and more efficient
agent: gene modification or so-called recombinant DNA technology.